This Article Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Reprints and Permissions Copyright Information Books from ASM Press MicrobeWorld Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Vermeulen, M W Articles by Gray, G R Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Vermeulen, M W Articles by Gray, G R

 Previous Article  |  Next Article 

Infect Immun. 1984 November; 46(2): 476-483

Processing of Bacillus subtilis peptidoglycan by a mouse macrophage cell line.

ABSTRACT

It has previously been established that muramyl dipeptide (N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine) is an effective immunostimulant whose primary target cell type is the macrophage. Muramyl dipeptide is known to be structurally identical to a portion of the monomer unit of peptidoglycan, a nearly ubiquitous component of bacterial cell walls. To establish whether muramyl dipeptide or glycopeptides structurally related to it are formed as a result of macrophage processing of peptidoglycan, Bacillus subtilis cell walls radiolabeled in the muramic acid, glucosamine, and alanine residues of the constituent peptidoglycan were incubated in the presence of the cultured macrophage-like cell line RAW264, and the glycopeptides which released into the medium were fractionated and analyzed. Although muramyl dipeptide was not found in the culture medium, at least three glycopeptides structurally related to it were found, namely GlcNAc-MurNAc-Ala-isoGln-Dap-Ala, GlcNAc-MurNAc-Ala-isoGln-Dap, and GlcNAc-MurNAc-Ala-isoGln.

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Natsuka, M., Uehara, A., Shuhua Yang, , Echigo, S., Takada, H. (2008). A polymer-type water-soluble peptidoglycan exhibited both Toll-like receptor 2- and NOD2-agonistic activities, resulting in synergistic activation of human monocytic cells. Innate Immunity 14: 298-308 [Abstract]  
• Pan, Q., Mathison, J., Fearns, C., Kravchenko, V. V., Da Silva Correia, J., Hoffman, H. M., Kobayashi, K. S., Bertin, J., Grant, E. P., Coyle, A. J., Sutterwala, F. S., Ogura, Y., Flavell, R. A., Ulevitch, R. J. (2007). MDP-induced interleukin-1{beta} processing requires Nod2 and CIAS1/NALP3. J. Leukoc. Biol. 82: 177-183 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Basu, S., Kang, T. J., Chen, W. H., Fenton, M. J., Baillie, L., Hibbs, S., Cross, A. S. (2007). Role of Bacillus anthracis Spore Structures in Macrophage Cytokine Responses. Infect. Immun. 75: 2351-2358 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Traub, S., von Aulock, S., Hartung, T., Hermann, C. (2006). Invited review: MDP and other muropeptides direct and synergistic effects on the immune system. Innate Immunity 12: 69-85 [Abstract]  
• Inohara, N., Ogura, Y., Fontalba, A., Gutierrez, O., Pons, F., Crespo, J., Fukase, K., Inamura, S., Kusumoto, S., Hashimoto, M., Foster, S. J., Moran, A. P., Fernandez-Luna, J. L., Nunez, G. (2003). Host Recognition of Bacterial Muramyl Dipeptide Mediated through NOD2. IMPLICATIONS FOR CROHN'S DISEASE. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 5509-5512 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Flak, T. A., Heiss, L. N., Engle, J. T., Goldman, W. E. (2000). Synergistic Epithelial Responses to Endotoxin and a Naturally Occurring Muramyl Peptide. Infect. Immun. 68: 1235-1242 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kengatharan, K. M., De Kimpe, S., Robson, C., Foster, S. J., Thiemermann, C. (1998). Mechanism of Gram-positive Shock: Identification of Peptidoglycan and Lipoteichoic Acid Moieties Essential in the Induction of Nitric Oxide Synthase, Shock, and Multiple Organ Failure. J. Exp. Med. 188: 305-315 [Abstract] [Full Text]