This Article
Right arrow Full Text
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowReprints and Permissions
Right arrow Copyright Information
Right arrow Books from ASM Press
Right arrow MicrobeWorld
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Power, C. A.
Right arrow Articles by Bretscher, P. A.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Power, C. A.
Right arrow Articles by Bretscher, P. A.

 Previous Article  |  Next Article 

Infection and Immunity, December 1998, p. 5743-5750, Vol. 66, No. 12
0019-9567/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Mycobacterial Dose Defines the Th1/Th2 Nature of the Immune Response Independently of Whether Immunization Is Administered by the Intravenous, Subcutaneous, or Intradermal Route

Carl A. Power, Guojian Wei, and Peter A. Bretscher*

Department of Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5 Canada

Received 27 April 1998/Returned for modification 28 May 1998/Accepted 1 September 1998

It is believed that cell-mediated immunity alone can contain Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the pathogen responsible for tuberculosis. The induction of antibody, or of a mixed cell-mediated/humoral response, is associated with tuberculous disease. It is therefore important to determine the conditions of immunization with bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG), the attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis used to vaccinate humans against tuberculosis, that optimally induces an exclusive cell-mediated, Th1 response. Such a determination will then allow an assessment of whether the generation of such an exclusive Th1 response results in the generation of a Th1 imprint against mycobacteria. This Th1 imprint would ensure that the Th1 response is predominant following any challenge. We therefore tested the proposition that the dose of mycobacteria used for immunization generally determines the Th1/Th2 nature of the ensuing response. Our results demonstrate that relatively low doses lead to an almost exclusive cell-mediated, Th1 response, while higher doses induce a mixed Th1/Th2 response. Furthermore, the dependence on dose is independent of whether BCG is administered intravenously, subcutaneously, or intradermally. The implications of our findings to understanding how different classes of immunity are induced, to the epidemiology of tuberculosis, and to the design of effective vaccination strategies are discussed.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada. Phone: (306) 665-4322. Fax: (306) 966-4311. E-mail: bretschr{at}duke.usask.ca.

Infection and Immunity, December 1998, p. 5743-5750, Vol. 66, No. 12
0019-9567/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


This article has been cited by other articles:

  • Cohn, M. (2008). What roles do regulatory T cells play in the control of the adaptive immune response?. Int Immunol 20: 1107-1118 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Guirado, E., Gil, O., Caceres, N., Singh, M., Vilaplana, C., Cardona, P.-J. (2008). Induction of a Specific Strong Polyantigenic Cellular Immune Response after Short-Term Chemotherapy Controls Bacillary Reactivation in Murine and Guinea Pig Experimental Models of Tuberculosis. CVI 15: 1229-1237 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Irwin, S. M., Goodyear, A., Keyser, A., Christensen, R., Troudt, J. M., Taylor, J. L., Bohsali, A., Briken, V., Izzo, A. A. (2008). Immune Response Induced by Three Mycobacterium bovis BCG Substrains with Diverse Regions of Deletion in a C57BL/6 Mouse Model. CVI 15: 750-756 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Yamashita, M., Tsuji, S., Nishiyama, A., Myrvik, Q. N., Henriksen, R. A., Shibata, Y. (2007). Differential subcellular localization of COX-2 in macrophages phagocytosing heat-killed Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 293: C184-C190 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Shibata, Y., Gabbard, J., Yamashita, M., Tsuji, S., Smith, M., Nishiyama, A., Henriksen, R. A., Myrvik, Q. N. (2006). Heat-killed BCG induces biphasic cyclooxygenase 2+ splenic macrophage formation--role of IL-10 and bone marrow precursors. J. Leukoc. Biol. 80: 590-598 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Thacker, T. C., Palmer, M. V., Waters, W. R. (2006). Correlation of Cytokine Gene Expression with Pathology in White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) Infected with Mycobacterium bovis. CVI 13: 640-647 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Matson, K. D, Cohen, A. A, Klasing, K. C, Ricklefs, R. E, Scheuerlein, A. (2006). No simple answers for ecological immunology: relationships among immune indices at the individual level break down at the species level in waterfowl. Proc R Soc B 273: 815-822 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Castillo-Rodal, A. I., Castanon-Arreola, M., Hernandez-Pando, R., Calva, J. J., Sada-Diaz, E., Lopez-Vidal, Y. (2006). Mycobacterium bovis BCG Substrains Confer Different Levels of Protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in a BALB/c Model of Progressive Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Infect. Immun. 74: 1718-1724 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Shibata, Y., Henriksen, R. A., Honda, I., Nakamura, R. M., Myrvik, Q. N. (2005). Splenic PGE2-releasing macrophages regulate Th1 and Th2 immune responses in mice treated with heat-killed BCG. J. Leukoc. Biol. 78: 1281-1290 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Mathers, A. R., Cuff, C. F. (2004). Role of Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-10 in Serum Immunoglobulin G Antibody Responses following Mucosal or Systemic Reovirus Infection. J. Virol. 78: 3352-3360 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Pasquinelli, V., Quiroga, M. F., Martinez, G. J., Zorrilla, L. C., Musella, R. M., Bracco, M. M., Belmonte, L., Malbran, A., Fainboim, L., Sieling, P. A., Garcia, V. E. (2004). Expression of Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule- Associated Protein Interrupts IFN-{gamma} Production in Human Tuberculosis. J. Immunol. 172: 1177-1185 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Chen, L., Wang, J., Zganiacz, A., Xing, Z. (2004). Single Intranasal Mucosal Mycobacterium bovis BCG Vaccination Confers Improved Protection Compared to Subcutaneous Vaccination against Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Infect. Immun. 72: 238-246 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Walzl, G., Humphreys, I. R., Marshall, B. G., Edwards, L., Openshaw, P. J. M., Shaw, R. J., Hussell, T. (2003). Prior Exposure to Live Mycobacterium bovis BCG Decreases Cryptococcus neoformans-Induced Lung Eosinophilia in a Gamma Interferon-Dependent Manner. Infect. Immun. 71: 3384-3391 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Hooper-McGrevy, K. E., Wilkie, B. N., Prescott, J. F. (2003). Immunoglobulin G Subisotype Responses of Pneumonic and Healthy, Exposed Foals and Adult Horses to Rhodococcus equi Virulence-Associated Proteins. CVI 10: 345-351 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • LOPEZ-MONTEON, A., RAMOS-LIGONIO, A., PEREZ-CASTILLO, L., TALAMAS-ROHANA, P., ROSALES-ENCINA, J. L. (2003). Specific antibody immune response against the parasitic portion of a glutathione-S-transferase fusion protein. FASEB J. 17: 621-627 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Kabir, Z. (2003). Is all-cause mortality a useful epidemiological endpoint in vaccine trials? An example of BCG (Bacille-Calmette-Guerine). Int J Epidemiol 32: 161-162 [Full Text]  
  • Jiao, X., Lo-Man, R., Winter, N., Deriaud, E., Gicquel, B., Leclerc, C. (2003). The Shift of Th1 to Th2 Immunodominance Associated with the Chronicity of Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guerin Infection Does Not Affect the Memory Response. J. Immunol. 170: 1392-1398 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Jung, Y.-J., LaCourse, R., Ryan, L., North, R. J. (2002). Evidence Inconsistent with a Negative Influence of T Helper 2 Cells on Protection Afforded by a Dominant T Helper 1 Response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Lung Infection in Mice. Infect. Immun. 70: 6436-6443 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Gooding, T. M., Johnson, P. D. R., Smith, M., Kemp, A. S., Robins-Browne, R. M. (2002). Cytokine Profiles of Patients Infected with Mycobacterium ulcerans and Unaffected Household Contacts. Infect. Immun. 70: 5562-5567 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Fattorini, L., Nisini, R., Fan, Y., Li, Y.-J., Tan, D., Mariotti, S., Teloni, R., Iona, E., Orefici, G. (2002). Exposure of BALB/c mice to low doses of Mycobacterium avium increases resistance to a subsequent high-dose infection. Microbiology 148: 3173-3181 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Pedras-Vasconcelos, J. A., Chapdelaine, Y., Dudani, R., van Faassen, H., Smith, D. K., Sad, S. (2002). Mycobacterium bovis BCG-Infected Mice Are More Susceptible to Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B-Mediated Toxic Shock than Uninfected Mice despite Reduced In Vitro Splenocyte Responses to Superantigens. Infect. Immun. 70: 4148-4157 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • He, Y., Vemulapalli, R., Schurig, G. G. (2002). Recombinant Ochrobactrum anthropi Expressing Brucella abortus Cu,Zn Superoxide Dismutase Protects Mice against B. abortus Infection Only after Switching of Immune Responses to Th1 Type. Infect. Immun. 70: 2535-2543 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Radcliff, F. J., Ferrero, R. L. (2001). Effect of Low-Dose Antigen Exposure on Development of Immunity to Helicobacter pylori Infection in Mice. Infect. Immun. 69: 5186-5188 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Briones, G., Inon de Iannino, N., Roset, M., Vigliocco, A., Paulo, P. S., Ugalde, R. A. (2001). Brucella abortus Cyclic {beta}-1,2-Glucan Mutants Have Reduced Virulence in Mice and Are Defective in Intracellular Replication in HeLa Cells. Infect. Immun. 69: 4528-4535 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Rook, G.A.W., Seah, G., Ustianowski, A. (2001). M. tuberculosis: immunology and vaccination. Eur Respir J 17: 537-557 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Nagabhushanam, V., Cheers, C. (2001). Non-Major Histocompatibility Complex Control of Antibody Isotype and Th1 versus Th2 Cytokines during Experimental Infection of Mice with Mycobacterium avium. Infect. Immun. 69: 1708-1713 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Kristensen, I., Aaby, P., Jensen, H., Fine, P. (2000). Routine vaccinations and child survival: follow up study in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa Commentary: an unexpected finding that needs confirmation or rejection. BMJ 321: 1435-1435 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Rhodes, S. G., Palmer, N., Graham, S. P., Bianco, A. E., Hewinson, R. G., Vordermeier, H. M. (2000). Distinct Response Kinetics of Gamma Interferon and Interleukin-4 in Bovine Tuberculosis. Infect. Immun. 68: 5393-5400 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Lo-Man, R., Langeveld, J. P. M., Deriaud, E., Jehanno, M., Rojas, M., Clement, J.-M., Meloen, R. H., Hofnung, M., Leclerc, C. (2000). Extending the CD4+ T-Cell Epitope Specificity of the Th1 Immune Response to an Antigen Using a Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Delivery Vehicle. Infect. Immun. 68: 3079-3089 [Abstract] [Full Text]  


Copyright © 2009 by the American Society for Microbiology.   For an alternate route to Journals.ASM.org, visit: http://intl-journals.asm.org | More Info»