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Infection and Immunity, May 1999, p. 2482-2490, Vol. 67, No. 5
0019-9567/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
In Vivo Analysis of Secreted Aspartyl Proteinase
Expression in Human Oral Candidiasis
Julian R.
Naglik,1
George
Newport,2
Theodore C.
White,2,
Lynette L.
Fernandes-Naglik,1
John S.
Greenspan,2
Deborah
Greenspan,2
Simon P.
Sweet,1
Stephen J.
Challacombe,1 and
Nina
Agabian2,3,*
Oral AIDS Research Unit, Department of Oral
Medicine and Pathology, GKT Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, United
Kingdom,1 and Department of
Stomatology2 and Departments of
Microbiology and Immunology and of Pharmaceutical
Chemistry,3 University of California at San
Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
Received 23 November 1998/Returned for modification 13 January
1999/Accepted 23 February 1999
Secreted aspartyl proteinases are putative virulence factors in
Candida infections. Candida albicans possesses
at least nine members of a SAP gene family, all of which
have been sequenced. Although the expression of the SAP
genes has been extensively characterized under laboratory growth
conditions, no studies have analyzed in detail the in vivo expression
of these proteinases in human oral colonization and infection. We have
developed a reliable and sensitive procedure to detect C. albicans mRNA from whole saliva of patients with oral C. albicans infection and those with asymptomatic
Candida carriage. The reverse transcription-PCR protocol
was used to determine which of the SAP1 to SAP7
genes are expressed by C. albicans during colonization and
infection of the oral cavity. SAP2 and the SAP4
to SAP6 subfamily were the predominant proteinase genes
expressed in the oral cavities of both Candida carriers and
patients with oral candidiasis; SAP4, SAP5, or
SAP6 mRNA was detected in all subjects. SAP1
and SAP3 transcripts were observed only in patients with
oral candidiasis. SAP7 mRNA expression, which has never
been demonstrated under laboratory conditions, was detected in several
of the patient samples. All seven SAP genes
were simultaneously expressed in some patients with oral candidiasis.
This is the first detailed study showing that the SAP gene
family is expressed by C. albicans during colonization and
infection in humans and that C. albicans infection is
associated with the differential expression of individual SAP genes which may be involved in the pathogenesis of oral candidiasis.
*
Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of
Stomatology, University of California, San Francisco, Box 0422, 521 Parnassus St., San Francisco, CA 94143-0422. Phone: (415) 476-6844. Fax: (415) 476-0664. E-mail: agabian{at}itsa.ucsf.edu.

Present address: Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Department
of Pathobiology, University of Seattle, Seattle, WA 98109-1651.
Infection and Immunity, May 1999, p. 2482-2490, Vol. 67, No. 5
0019-9567/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
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