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Infection and Immunity, September 1999, p. 4427-4434, Vol. 67, No. 9
0019-9567/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Intracellular Growth in Acanthamoeba castellanii Affects Monocyte Entry Mechanisms and Enhances Virulence of Legionella pneumophila

Jeffrey D. Cirillo,1,* Suat L. G. Cirillo,1 Ling Yan,1 Luiz E. Bermudez,2 Stanley Falkow,3 and Lucy S. Tompkins3

Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 685831; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 943053; and Kuzell Institute for Arthritis and Infectious Diseases, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, California 941152

Received 17 March 1999/Returned for modification 6 May 1999/Accepted 3 June 1999

Since Legionella pneumophila is an intracellular pathogen, entry into and replication within host cells are thought to be critical to its ability to cause disease. L. pneumophila grown in one of its environmental hosts, Acanthamoeba castellanii, is phenotypically different from L. pneumophila grown on standard laboratory medium (BCYE agar). Although amoeba-grown L. pneumophila displays enhanced entry into monocytes compared to BCYE-grown bacteria, the mechanisms of entry used and the effects on virulence have not been examined. To explore whether amoeba-grown L. pneumophila differs from BCYE-grown L. pneumophila in these characteristics, we examined entry into monocytes, replication in activated macrophages, and virulence in mice. Entry of amoeba-grown L. pneumophila into monocytes occurred more frequently by coiling phagocytosis, was less affected by complement opsonization, and was less sensitive to microtubule and microfilament inhibitors than was entry of BCYE-grown bacteria. In addition, amoeba-grown L. pneumophila displays increased replication in monocytes and is more virulent in A/J, C57BL/6 Beige, and C57BL/6 mice. These data demonstrate for the first time that the intra-amoebal growth environment affects the entry mechanisms and virulence of L. pneumophila.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, 203 VBS, Fair and East Campus Loop, Lincoln, NE 68583. Phone: (402) 472-8587. Fax: (402) 472-9690. E-mail: jcirillo1{at}unl.edu.

Infection and Immunity, September 1999, p. 4427-4434, Vol. 67, No. 9
0019-9567/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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