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Infection and Immunity, September 1999, p. 4801-4813, Vol. 67, No. 9
0019-9567/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

LcrV of Yersinia pestis Enters Infected Eukaryotic Cells by a Virulence Plasmid-Independent Mechanism

Kenneth A. Fields and Susan C. Straley*

Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chandler Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0084

Received 18 February 1999/Returned for modification 2 April 1999/Accepted 28 May 1999

Yersinia pestis is the causative agent of bubonic plague and possesses a set of plasmid-encoded, secretable virulence proteins termed LcrV and Yops which are essential for survival in mammalian hosts. Yops and LcrV are secreted by a type III mechanism (Ysc), and Yops are unidirectionally targeted into the cytosol of associated eukaryotic cells in a tissue culture infection model. LcrV is required for Yops targeting, and recent findings have revealed that it can localize to the bacterial surface; however, its fate in this infection model has not been investigated in detail. In this study, we compared the localization of LcrV to that of the targeted proteins YopE and YopM by immunoblot analysis of fractions of Yersinia-infected HeLa cultures or by laser-scanning confocal microscopy of infected monolayers. Both LcrV and YopE were secreted by contact-activated, extracellularly localized yersiniae and were targeted to the HeLa cell cytosol. Although a significant amount of LcrV partitioned to the culture medium (unlike YopE), this extracellular pool of LcrV was not the source of the LcrV that entered HeLa cells. Unlike targeting of YopE and YopM, targeting of LcrV occurred in the absence of a functional Ysc apparatus and other virulence plasmid (pCD1)-expressed proteins. However, the Ysc is necessary for LcrV to be released into the medium, and our recent work has shown that localization of LcrV on the bacterial surface requires the Ysc. These results indicate that two mechanisms exist for the secretion of LcrV by Y. pestis, both of which are activated by contact with eukaryotic cells. LcrV secreted by the Ysc reaches the bacterial surface and the surrounding medium, whereas the second is a novel, Ysc-independent pathway which results in localization of LcrV in the cytosol of infected cells but not the surrounding medium.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chandler Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0084. Phone: (606) 323-6538. Fax: (606) 257-8994. E-mail: scstra01{at}pop.uky.edu.

Infection and Immunity, September 1999, p. 4801-4813, Vol. 67, No. 9
0019-9567/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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J. Bacteriol. J. Virol. Eukaryot. Cell
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Copyright © 1999 by the American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.