The 102-Kilobase pgm Locus of Yersinia pestis: Sequence Analysis and Comparison of Selected Regions among Different Yersinia pestis and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Strains

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Infection and Immunity, September 1999, p. 4851-4861, Vol. 67, No. 9
0019-9567/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

The 102-Kilobase pgm Locus of Yersinia pestis: Sequence Analysis and Comparison of Selected Regions among Different Yersinia pestis and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Strains

Carmen Buchrieser,¹^,²^,^* Christophe Rusniok,¹ Lionel Frangeul,¹ Elisabeth Couve,¹ Alain Billault,³ Frank Kunst,¹ Elisabeth Carniel,² and Philippe Glaser¹

Laboratoire de Génomique des Microorganismes Pathogènes, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15,¹ Unité de Bactériologie Moléculaire et Médicale, Laboratoire des Yersinia, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15,² and Centre d'Etudes du Polymorphisme Humain, 75010 Paris,³ France

Received 29 March 1999/Returned for modification 4 June 1999/Accepted 17 June 1999

We report the complete 119,443-bp sequence of the pgm locus from Yersinia pestis and its flanking regions. Sequence analysisconfirms that the 102-kb unstable pgm locus is composed of twodistinct parts: the pigmentation segment and a high-pathogenicityisland (HPI) which carries virulence genes involved in iron acquisition(yersiniabactin biosynthetic gene cluster). Within the HPI, threegenes coding for proteins related to phage proteins were uncovered.They are located at both extremities indicating that the entireHPI was acquired en bloc by phage-mediated horizontal transfer.We identified, within the pigmentation segment, two novel locithat may be involved in virulence: a fimbriae gene cluster anda locus probably encoding a two component regulatory system similarto the BvgAS regulatory system of Bordetella pertussis. Threegenes containing frameshift mutations and two genes interruptedby insertion element insertion were found within this region.To investigate diversity among different Y. pestis and Yersiniapseudotuberculosis strains, the sequence of selected regions ofthe pgm locus and flanking regions were compared from 20 differentY. pestis and 10 Y. pseudotuberculosis strains. The results showedthat the genes interrupted in Y. pestis are intact in Y. pseudotuberculosis.However, one of these mutations, in the bvgS homologue, is onlypresent in Y. pestis strains of biovar Orientalis and not in thoseof the biovars Antiqua and Medievalis. The results obtained byanalysis of variable positions in the sequence are in accordancewith historical records, confirming that biovar Orientalis isthe most recent lineage. Furthermore, sequence comparisons among29 Yersinia strains suggest that Y. pestis is a recently emergedpathogen that is probably entering the initial phase of reductiveevolution.

^* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Laboratoire de Génomique des Microorganismes Pathogènes, Institut Pasteur, 25 ruedu Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France. Phone: (33-1) 45-68-87-48.Fax: (33-1) 45-68-87-86. E-mail: cbuch{at}pasteur.fr.

Infection and Immunity, September 1999, p. 4851-4861, Vol. 67, No. 9
0019-9567/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

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