Infectious CTXPhi  and the Vibrio Pathogenicity Island Prophage in Vibrio mimicus: Evidence for Recent Horizontal Transfer between V. mimicus and V. cholerae

doi:10.1128/IAI.68.3.1507-1513.2000

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Infection and Immunity, March 2000, p. 1507-1513, Vol. 68, No. 3
0019-9567/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Infectious CTX $Phi$ and the Vibrio Pathogenicity Island Prophage in Vibrio mimicus: Evidence for Recent Horizontal Transfer between V. mimicus and V. cholerae

E. Fidelma Boyd,¹ Kathryn E. Moyer,¹ Lei Shi,² and Matthew K. Waldor¹^,^*

Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111,¹ and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan²

Received 12 October 1999/Returned for modification 12 November 1999/Accepted 29 November 1999

Vibrio mimicus differs from Vibrio cholerae in a number of genotypic and phenotypic traits but like V. cholerae can give riseto diarrheal disease. We examined clinical isolates of V. mimicusfor the presence of CTX $Phi$ , the lysogenic filamentous bacteriophagethat carries the cholera toxin genes in epidemic V. cholerae strains.Four V. mimicus isolates were found to contain complete copiesof CTX $Phi$ . Southern blot analyses revealed that V. mimicus strainPT5 contains two CTX prophages integrated at different sites withinthe V. mimicus genome whereas V. mimicus strains PT48, 523-80,and 9583 each contain tandemly arranged copies of CTX $Phi$ . We detectedthe replicative form of CTX $Phi$ , pCTX, in all four of these V. mimicusisolates. The CTX prophage in strain PT5 was found to produceinfectious CTX $Phi$ particles. The nucleotide sequences of CTX $Phi$ genesorfU and zot from V. mimicus strain PT5 and V. cholerae strainN16961 were identical, indicating contemporary horizontal transferof CTX $Phi$ between these two species. The receptor for CTX $Phi$ , thetoxin-coregulated pilus, which is encoded by another lysogenicfilamentous bacteriophage, VPI $Phi$ , was also present in the CTX $Phi$ -positiveV. mimicus isolates. The nucleotide sequences of VPI $Phi$ genes aldAand toxT from V. mimicus strain PT5 and V. cholerae N16961 wereidentical, suggesting recent horizontal transfer of this phagebetween V. mimicus and V. cholerae. In V. mimicus, the vibriopathogenicity island prophage was integrated in the same chromosomalattachment site as in V. cholerae. These results suggest thatV. mimicus may be a significant reservoir for both CTX $Phi$ and VPI $Phi$ and may play an important role in the emergence of new toxigenicV. choleraeisolates.

^* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts-New England MedicalCenter, Tufts University School of Medicine, 750 Washington St.,Boston, MA 02111. Phone: (617) 636-7618. Fax: (617) 636-5292.E-mail: matthew.waldor{at}es.nemc.org.

Infection and Immunity, March 2000, p. 1507-1513, Vol. 68, No. 3
0019-9567/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

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Infectious CTX and the Vibrio Pathogenicity Island Prophage in Vibrio mimicus: Evidence for Recent Horizontal Transfer between V. mimicus and V. cholerae

Infectious CTX $Phi$ and the Vibrio Pathogenicity Island Prophage in Vibrio mimicus: Evidence for Recent Horizontal Transfer between V. mimicus and V. cholerae