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Infection and Immunity, April 2000, p. 2259-2267, Vol. 68, No. 4
Laboratory of Cytokine
Biology1 and Laboratory of Medical
Biochemistry,2 The Picower Institute for Medical
Research, Manhasset, New York 11030, and Department of
Microbiology and Immunology and The Walther Oncology Center,
Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
462023
Received 24 August 1999/Returned for modification 7 October
1999/Accepted 13 January 2000
Human falciparum malaria, caused by Plasmodium
falciparum infection, results in 1 to 2 million deaths per year,
mostly children under the age of 5 years. The two main causes of death
are severe anemia and cerebral malaria. Malarial anemia is
characterized by parasite red blood cell (RBC) destruction and
suppression of erythropoiesis (the mechanism of which is unknown) in
the presence of a robust host erythropoietin response. The production
of a host-derived erythropoiesis inhibitor in response to parasite products has been implicated in the pathogenesis of malarial anemia. The identity of this putative host factor is unknown, but antibody neutralization studies have ruled out interleukin-1
0019-9567/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Release by Macrophages
after Ingestion of Plasmodium chabaudi-Infected
Erythrocytes: Possible Role in the Pathogenesis of Malarial
Anemia

, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and gamma interferon while injection of interleukin-12 protects susceptible mice against lethal P. chabaudi
infection. In this study, we report that ingestion of P. chabaudi-infected erythrocytes or malarial pigment (hemozoin)
induces the release of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)
from macrophages. MIF, a proinflammatory mediator and counter-regulator
of glucocorticoid action, inhibits erythroid (BFU-E), multipotential
(CFU-GEMM), and granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM) progenitor-derived
colony formation. MIF was detected in the sera of P. chabaudi-infected BALB/c mice, and circulating levels correlated
with disease severity. Liver MIF immunoreactivity increased concomitant
with extensive pigment and parasitized RBC deposition. Finally, MIF was
elevated three- to fourfold in the spleen and bone marrow of P. chabaudi-infected mice with active disease, as compared to early
disease, or of uninfected controls. In summary, the present results
suggest that MIF may be a host-derived factor involved in the
pathophysiology of malaria anemia.
*
Corresponding author. Mailing address: Forchheimer 520 Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY 10461. Phone: (718) 430-2048. Fax: (718)
430-2140. E-mail: martiney{at}freewweb.com.
Present address: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of
Internal Medicine, BH-19.111, CHUV, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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