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Infection and Immunity, April 2001, p. 2477-2486, Vol. 69, No. 4
0019-9567/01/$04.00+0   DOI: 10.1128/IAI.69.4.2477-2486.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Mosaic Genes and Mosaic Chromosomes: Intra- and Interspecies Genomic Variation of Streptococcus pneumoniae

Regine Hakenbeck,1,* Nadège Balmelle,2 Beate Weber,1 Christophe Gardès,2 Wolfgang Keck,2 and Antoine de Saizieu2

Universität Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany,1 and F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Preclinical Pharma Research, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland2

Received 16 October 2000/Returned for modification 20 December 2000/Accepted 15 January 2001

Streptococcus pneumoniae remains a major causative agent of serious human diseases. The worldwide increase of antibiotic resistant strains revealed the importance of horizontal gene transfer in this pathogen, a scenario that results in the modulation of the species-specific gene pool. We investigated genomic variation in 20 S. pneumoniae isolates representing major antibiotic-resistant clones and 10 different capsular serotypes. Variation was scored as decreased hybridization signals visualized on a high-density oligonucleotide array representing 1,968 genes of the type 4 reference strain KNR.7/87. Up to 10% of the genes appeared altered between individual isolates and the reference strain; variability within clones was below 2.1%. Ten gene clusters covering 160 kb account for half of the variable genes. Most of them are associated with transposases and are assumed to be part of a flexible gene pool within the bacterial population; other variable loci include mosaic genes encoding antibiotic resistance determinants and gene clusters related to bacteriocin production. Genomic comparison between S. pneumoniae and commensal Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus oralis strains indicates distinct antigenic profiles and suggests a smooth transition between these species, supporting the validity of the microarray system as an epidemiological and diagnostic tool.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Universität Kaiserslautern, Department of Microbiology, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 23, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany. Phone: 49-631-205 2353. Fax: 49-631-205 3799. E-mail: hakenb{at}rhrk.uni-kl.de.

Infection and Immunity, April 2001, p. 2477-2486, Vol. 69, No. 4
0019-9567/01/$04.00+0   DOI: 10.1128/IAI.69.4.2477-2486.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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