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Infection and Immunity, October 2002, p. 5479-5484, Vol. 70, No. 10
0019-9567/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/IAI.70.10.5479-5484.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Influence of Intravenous Anesthesia on Mucosal and Systemic Antibody Responses to Nasal Vaccines

Libuse Janakova,¹ Hilde Bakke,¹ Inger Lise Haugen,¹ Aud K. H. Berstad,¹ E. Arne Høiby,¹ Ingeborg S. Aaberge,¹ and Bjørn Haneberg^1,2*

Division for Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403 Oslo,¹ Department of Microbiology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway²

Received 13 March 2002/ Returned for modification 16 May 2002/ Accepted 12 July 2002

Inhalation of antigens may stimulate the immune system by way of the upper as well as the lower airways. We have shown that at least 1,000 times more live pneumococci were recovered from pulmonary tissue after being presented as drops of a liquid suspension onto the nares of anesthetized mice compared to the number of bacteria recovered from animals that were not anesthetized in the course of the challenge. Mice that were similarly immunized intranasally by inhalation of three different nonreplicating particulate vaccine formulations, i.e., a meningococcal outer membrane vesicle (OMV) vaccine, a formalin-inactivated whole-virus influenza (INV) vaccine, and the INV vaccine with OMVs as a mucosal adjuvant, during general intravenous anesthesia developed concentrations of vaccine-specific serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies that were four to nine times higher than in mice that were fully awake during immunizations. The concentrations of IgA antibodies in serum were also higher in anesthetized than in nonanesthetized mice and correlated positively with the corresponding levels of serum IgG antibodies in the anesthetized but not in the nonanesthetized mice. In saliva and feces, however, the concentrations of IgA antibodies were equally high whether or not the animals were dormant during immunizations. The results indicate that intrapulmonary antigen presentation, as a part of an intranasal immunization strategy, is of importance for systemic but not for mucosal antibody responses. A major portion of IgA antibodies in serum may thus be derived from nonmucosal sites.

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* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Division for Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway. Phone: 47 22 04 23 56. Fax: 47 22 04 23 01. E-mail: bjorn.haneberg{at}fhi.no.

Editor: E. I. Tuomanen

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Infection and Immunity, October 2002, p. 5479-5484, Vol. 70, No. 10
0019-9567/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/IAI.70.10.5479-5484.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

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