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Infection and Immunity, February 2002, p. 661-664, Vol. 70, No. 2
0019-9567/01/$04.00+0     DOI: 70.2.661-664.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Anthrax Spores Make an Essential Contribution to Vaccine Efficacy

Fabien Brossier,1 Martine Levy,1 and Michèle Mock1*

Unité des Toxines et Pathogénie Bactérienne (CNRS URA 2172), Institut Pasteur, 75725 Paris Cedex 15, France1

Received 6 August 2001/ Returned for modification 28 September 2001/ Accepted 9 November 2001

Anthrax is caused by Bacillus anthracis, a gram-positive spore-forming bacterium. Septicemia and toxemia rapidly lead to death in infected mammal hosts. Currently used acellular vaccines against anthrax consist of protective antigen (PA), one of the anthrax toxin components. However, in experimental animals such vaccines are less protective than live attenuated strains. Here we demonstrate that the addition of formaldehyde-inactivated spores (FIS) of B. anthracis to PA elicits total protection against challenge with virulent B. anthracis strains in mice and guinea pigs. The toxin-neutralizing activities of sera from mice immunized with PA alone or PA plus FIS were similar, suggesting that the protection conferred by PA plus FIS was not only a consequence of the humoral response to PA. A PA-deficient challenge strain was constructed, and its virulence was due solely to its multiplication. Immunization with FIS alone was sufficient to protect mice partially, and guinea pigs totally, against infection with this strain. This suggests that spore antigens contribute to protection. Guinea pigs and mice had very different susceptibilities to infection with the nontoxigenic strain, highlighting the importance of verifying the pertinence of animal models for evaluating anthrax vaccines.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Unité des Toxines et Pathogénie Bactérienne (CNRS URA 2172), Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75725 Paris Cedex 15, France. Phone: (33) 145688312. Fax: (33) 145688954. E-mail: mmock{at}pasteur.fr.

Editor:J. T. Barbieri

Infection and Immunity, February 2002, p. 661-664, Vol. 70, No. 2
0019-9567/01/$04.00+0     DOI: 70.2.661-664.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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