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Infection and Immunity, September 2002, p. 4880-4891, Vol. 70, No. 9
0019-9567/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/IAI.70.9.4880-4891.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

The YadA Protein of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Mediates High-Efficiency Uptake into Human Cells under Environmental Conditions in Which Invasin Is Repressed

Julia Eitel and Petra Dersch*

Department of Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Plant Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany

Received 19 February 2002/ Returned for modification 11 April 2002/ Accepted 31 May 2002

The YadA protein is a major adhesin of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis that promotes tight adhesion to mammalian cells by binding to extracellular matrix proteins. In this study, we first addressed the possibility of competitive interference of YadA and the major invasive factor invasin and found that expression of YadA in the presence of invasin affected neither the export nor the function of invasin in the outer membrane. Furthermore, expression of YadA promoted both bacterial adhesion and high-efficiency invasion entirely independently of invasin. Antibodies against fibronectin and ß1 integrins blocked invasion, indicating that invasion occurs via extracellular-matrix-dependent bridging between YadA and the host cell ß1 integrin receptors. Inhibitor studies also demonstrated that tyrosine and Ser/Thr kinases, as well as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, are involved in the uptake process. Further expression studies revealed that yadA is regulated in response to several environmental parameters, including temperature, ion and nutrient concentrations, and the bacterial growth phase. In complex medium, YadA production was generally repressed but could be induced by addition of Mg2+. Maximal expression of yadA was obtained in exponential-phase cells grown in minimal medium at 37°C, conditions under which the invasin gene is repressed. These results suggest that YadA of Y. pseudotuberculosis constitutes another independent high-level uptake pathway that might complement other cell entry mechanisms (e.g., invasin) at certain sites or stages during the infection process.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Plant Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise Str. 12-16, 14195 Berlin, Germany. Phone: 49-30-838-54671. Fax: 49-30-838-53118. E-mail: pdersch{at}zedat.fu-berlin.de.

Editor: J. D. Clements

Infection and Immunity, September 2002, p. 4880-4891, Vol. 70, No. 9
0019-9567/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/IAI.70.9.4880-4891.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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