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Infection and Immunity, March 2003, p. 1497-1504, Vol. 71, No. 3
0019-9567/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/IAI.71.3.1497-1504.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Shiga Toxin 1 Triggers a Ribotoxic Stress Response Leading to p38 and JNK Activation and Induction of Apoptosis in Intestinal Epithelial Cells

Wendy E. Smith,1 Anne V. Kane,1 Sausan T. Campbell,1 David W. K. Acheson,2 Brent H. Cochran,3 and Cheleste M. Thorpe1*

Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tufts—New England Medical Center,1 Department of Physiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts,3 Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland2

Received 11 September 2002/ Accepted 25 November 2002

Shiga toxins made by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are associated with hemolytic uremic syndrome. Shiga toxins (Stxs) may access the host systemic circulation by absorption across the intestinal epithelium. The effects of Stxs on this cell layer are not completely understood, although animal models of STEC infection suggest that, in the gut, Stxs may participate in both immune activation and apoptosis. Stxs have one enzymatically active A subunit associated with five identical B subunits. The A subunit inactivates ribosomes by cleaving a specific adenine from the 28S rRNA. We have previously shown that Stxs can induce multiple C-X-C chemokines in intestinal epithelial cells in vitro, including interleukin-8 (IL-8), and that Stx-induced IL-8 expression is linked to induction of c-Jun mRNA and p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway activity. We now report Stx1 induction of both primary response genes c-jun and c-fos and activation of the stress-activated protein kinases, JNK/SAPK and p38, in the intestinal epithelial cell line HCT-8. By 1 h of exposure to Stx1, mRNAs for c-jun and c-fos are induced, and both JNK and p38 are activated; activation of both kinases persisted up to 24 h. Stx1 enzymatic activity was required for kinase activation; a catalytically defective mutant toxin did not activate either. Stx1 treatment of HCT-8 cells resulted in cell death that was associated with caspase 3 cleavage and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation; this cytotoxicity also required Stx1 enzymatic activity. Blocking Stx1-induced p38 and JNK activation with the inhibitor SB202190 prevented cell death and diminished Stx1-associated caspase 3 cleavage. In summary, these data link the Stx1-induced ribotoxic stress response with both chemokine expression and apoptosis in the intestinal epithelial cell line HCT-8 and suggest that blocking host cell MAP kinases may prevent these Stx-associated events.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, New England Medical Center, 750 Washington St., Box 041, Boston, MA 02111. Phone: (617) 636-0245. Fax: (617) 636-5292. E-mail: cthorpe{at}lifespan.org.

Editor: A. D. O'Brien

Infection and Immunity, March 2003, p. 1497-1504, Vol. 71, No. 3
0019-9567/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/IAI.71.3.1497-1504.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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