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Infection and Immunity, May 2003, p. 2724-2735, Vol. 71, No. 5
0019-9567/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/IAI.71.5.2724-2735.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Rapid Apoptosis Induced by Shiga Toxin in HeLa Cells

Jun Fujii,1* Takashi Matsui,2 Daniel P. Heatherly,1 Kailo H. Schlegel,1 Peter I. Lobo,1 Takashi Yutsudo,3 Georgianne M. Ciraolo,4 Randal E. Morris,4 and Tom Obrig1

Department of Internal Medicine/Nephrology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908,1 Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Fukuyama University, Fukuyama City 729-0292,2 Discovery Research Laboratory, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Settsu City, Osaka 566-0022, Japan,3 Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-05214

Received 17 September 2002/ Returned for modification 25 November 2002/ Accepted 8 January 2003

Apoptosis was induced rapidly in HeLa cells after exposure to bacterial Shiga toxin (Stx1 and Stx2; 10 ng/ml). Approximately 60% of HeLa cells became apoptotic within 4 h as detected by DNA fragmentation, terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, and electron microscopy. Stx1-induced apoptosis required enzymatic activity of the Stx1A subunit, and apoptosis was not induced by the Stx2B subunit alone or by the anti-globotriaosylceramide antibody. This activity was also inhibited by brefeldin A, indicating the need for toxin processing through the Golgi apparatus. The intracellular pathway leading to apoptosis was further defined. Exposure of HeLa cells to Stx1 activated caspases 3, 6, 8, and 9, as measured both by an enzymatic assay with synthetic substrates and by detection of proteolytically activated forms of these caspases by Western immunoblotting. Preincubation of HeLa cells with substrate inhibitors of caspases 3, 6, and 8 protected the cells against Stx1-dependent apoptosis. These results led to a more detailed examination of the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Apoptosis induced by Stx1 was accompanied by damage to mitochondrial membranes, measured as a reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, and increased release of cytochrome c from mitochondria at 3 to 4 h. Bid, an endogenous protein known to permeabilize mitochondrial membranes, was activated in a Stx1-dependent manner. Caspase-8 is known to activate Bid, and a specific inhibitor of caspase-8 prevented the mitochondrial damage. Although these data suggested that caspase-8-mediated cleavage of Bid with release of cytochrome c from mitochondria and activation of caspase-9 were responsible for the apoptosis, preincubation of HeLa cells with a specific inhibitor of caspase-9 did not protect against apoptosis. These results were explained by the discovery of a simultaneous Stx1-dependent increase in endogenous XIAP, a direct inhibitor of caspase-9. We conclude that the primary pathway of Stx1-induced apoptosis and DNA fragmentation in HeLa cells is unique and includes caspases 8, 6, and 3 but is independent of events in the mitochondrial pathway.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Internal Medicine/Nephrology, Box 800133, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908. Phone: (434) 243-6543. Fax: (434) 924-5848. E-mail: jf4p{at}hscmail.mcc.virginia.edu.

Editor: A. D. O'Brien

Infection and Immunity, May 2003, p. 2724-2735, Vol. 71, No. 5
0019-9567/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/IAI.71.5.2724-2735.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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