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Infection and Immunity, August 2003, p. 4759-4766, Vol. 71, No. 8
0019-9567/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/IAI.71.8.4759-4766.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Growth, Development, and Gene Expression in a Persistent Streptococcus gordonii Biofilm

Keeta S. Gilmore,1 Pravina Srinivas,2 Darrin R. Akins,3 Kenneth L. Hatter,4 and Michael S. Gilmore3,4*

Departments of Pathology,1 Microbiology and Immunology,3 Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center,4 Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 731042

Received 16 December 2002/ Returned for modification 6 February 2003/ Accepted 23 April 2003

A model for the protracted (30-day) colonization of smooth surfaces by Streptococcus gordonii that incorporates the nutrient flux that occurs in the oral cavity was developed. This model was used to characterize the biphasic expansion of the adherent bacterial population, which corresponded with the emergence of higher-order architectures characteristic of biofilms. Biofilm formation by S. gordonii was observed to be influenced by the presence of simple sugars including sucrose, glucose, and fructose. Real-time PCR was used to quantify changes in expression of S. gordonii genes known or thought to be involved in biofilm formation. Morphological changes were accompanied by a significant shift in gene expression patterns. The majority of S. gordonii genes examined were observed to be downregulated in the biofilm phase. Genes found to be upregulated in the biofilm state were observed to encode products related to environmental sensing and signaling.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th, BRC 358, Oklahoma City, OK 73104. Phone: (405) 271-1083. Fax: (405) 271-8655. E-mail: michael-gilmore{at}ouhsc.edu.

Editor: J. N. Weiser

Infection and Immunity, August 2003, p. 4759-4766, Vol. 71, No. 8
0019-9567/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/IAI.71.8.4759-4766.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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