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Infection and Immunity, February 2004, p. 824-832, Vol. 72, No. 2
0019-9567/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/IAI.72.2.824-832.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Myd88-Dependent In Vivo Maturation of Splenic Dendritic Cells Induced by Leishmania donovani and Other Leishmania Species

Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaire (IBMM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies,¹ Laboratory of Parasitology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Erasme, Belgium,⁴ Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany,² Departamento of Inmunologia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico Distrito Federal, Mexico³

Received 8 August 2003/ Returned for modification 16 September 2003/ Accepted 10 November 2003

The usual agent of visceral leishmaniasis in the Old World is Leishmania donovani, which typically produces systemic diseases in humans and mice. L. donovani has developed efficient strategies to infect and persist in macrophages from spleen and liver. Dendritic cells (DC) are sentinels of the immune system. Following recognition of evolutionary conserved microbial products, DC undergo a maturation process and activate antigen-specific naïve T cells. In the present report we provide new insights into how DC detect Leishmania in vivo. We demonstrate that in both C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice, systemic injection of L. donovani induced the migration of splenic DC from marginal zones to T-cell areas. During migration, DC upregulated the expression of major histocompatibility complex II and costimulatory receptors (such as CD40, CD80, and CD86). Leishmania-induced maturation requires live parasites and is not restricted to L. donovani, as L. braziliensis, L. major, and L. mexicana induced a similar process. Using a green fluorescent protein-expressing parasite, we demonstrate that DC undergoing maturation in vivo display no parasite internalization. We also show that L. donovani-induced DC maturation was partially abolished in MyD88-deficient mice. Taken together, our data suggest that Leishmania-induced DC maturation results from direct recognition of Leishmania by DC, and not from DC infection, and that MyD88-dependent receptors are implicated in this process.

Editor: W. A. Petri, Jr.

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