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Infection and Immunity, June 2004, p. 3373-3382, Vol. 72, No. 6
0019-9567/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/IAI.72.6.3373-3382.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Fungal Metabolite Gliotoxin Inhibits Assembly of the Human Respiratory Burst NADPH Oxidase

Shohko Tsunawaki,1* Lucia S. Yoshida,1 Satoshi Nishida,1 Toshihiro Kobayashi,2 and Takashi Shimoyama1

Department of Infectious Diseases, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo 154-8567,1 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan2

Received 14 December 2003/ Returned for modification 15 January 2004/ Accepted 17 February 2004

Reactive oxygen species are a critical weapon in the killing of Aspergillus fumigatus by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), as demonstrated by severe aspergillosis in chronic granulomatous disease. In the present study, A. fumigatus-produced mycotoxins (fumagillin, gliotoxin [GT], and helvolic acid) are examined for their effects on the NADPH oxidase activity in human PMN. Of these mycotoxins, only GT significantly and stoichiometrically inhibits phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-stimulated O2– generation, while the other two toxins are ineffective. The inhibition is dependent on the disulfide bridge of GT, which interferes with oxidase activation but not catalysis of the activated oxidase. Specifically, GT inhibits PMA-stimulated events: p47phox phosphorylation, its incorporation into the cytoskeleton, and the membrane translocation of p67phox, p47phox, and p40phox, which are crucial steps in the assembly of the active NADPH oxidase. Thus, damage to p47phox phosphorylation is likely a key to inhibiting NADPH oxidase activation. GT does not inhibit the membrane translocation of Rac2. The inhibition of p47phox phosphorylation is due to the defective membrane translocation of protein kinase C (PKC) ßII rather than an effect of GT on PKC ßII activity, suggesting a failure of PKC ßII to associate with the substrate, p47phox, on the membrane. These results suggest that A. fumigatus may confront PMN by inhibiting the assembly of the NADPH oxidase with its hyphal product, GT.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Infectious Diseases, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 3-35-31 Taishido, Setagaya, Tokyo 154-8567, Japan. Phone: 81-3-3416-0181, ext. 8785. Fax: 81-3-3414-3208. E-mail: tsunawaki{at}nch.go.jp.

Editor: T. R. Kozel

Infection and Immunity, June 2004, p. 3373-3382, Vol. 72, No. 6
0019-9567/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/IAI.72.6.3373-3382.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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