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Infection and Immunity, July 2004, p. 4151-4158, Vol. 72, No. 7
0019-9567/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/IAI.72.7.4151-4158.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Tritrichomonas foetus Induces Apoptotic Cell Death in Bovine Vaginal Epithelial Cells

B. N. Singh,1* J. J. Lucas,1 G. R. Hayes,1 Ish Kumar,1 D. H. Beach,2 Marcel Frajblat,3 R. O. Gilbert,3 U. Sommer,4 and C. E. Costello4

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210,2 Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853,3 Boston University School of Medicine Mass Spectrometry Resource, Boston, Massachusetts 021184

Received 4 February 2004/ Returned for modification 21 March 2004/ Accepted 4 April 2004

Tritrichomonas foetus is a serious veterinary pathogen, causing bovine trichomoniasis, a sexually transmitted disease leading to infertility and abortion. T. foetus infects the mucosal surfaces of the reproductive tract. Infection with T. foetus leads to apoptotic cell death of bovine vaginal epithelial cells (BVECs) in culture. An affinity-purified cysteine protease (CP) fraction yielding on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis a single band with an apparent molecular mass of 30 kDa (CP30) also induces BVEC apoptosis. Treatment of CP30 with the protease inhibitors TLCK (N{alpha}-p-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone) and E-64 [L-trans-epoxysuccinyl-leucylamide-(4-guanido)-butane] greatly reduces induction of BVEC apoptosis. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis of CP30 reveals a single peak with a molecular mass of 23.7 kDa. Mass spectral peptide sequence analysis of proteolytically digested CP30 reveals homologies to a previously reported cDNA clone, CP8 (D. J. Mallinson, J. Livingstone, K. M. Appleton, S. J. Lees, G. H. Coombs, and M. J. North, Microbiology 141:3077-3085, 1995). Induction of apoptosis is highly species specific, since the related human parasite Trichomonas vaginalis and associated purified CPs did not induce BVEC death. Fluorescence microscopy along with the Cell Death Detection ELISAPLUS assay and flow cytometry analyses were used to detect apoptotic nuclear condensation, DNA fragmentation, and changes in plasma membrane asymmetry in host cells undergoing apoptosis in response to T. foetus infection or incubation with CP30. Additionally, the activation of caspase-3 and inhibition of cell death by caspase inhibitors indicates that caspases are involved in BVEC apoptosis. These results imply that apoptosis is involved in the pathogenesis of T. foetus infection in vivo, which may have important implications for therapeutic interference with host cell death that could alter the course of the pathology in vivo.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210. Phone: (315) 464-5398. Fax: (315) 464-8750. E-mail: singhb{at}upstate.edu.

Editor: J. F. Urban, Jr.

Infection and Immunity, July 2004, p. 4151-4158, Vol. 72, No. 7
0019-9567/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/IAI.72.7.4151-4158.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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