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Infection and Immunity, January 2005, p. 403-412, Vol. 73, No. 1
0019-9567/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/IAI.73.1.403-412.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Chemokine Expression in the Monocytic Cell Line THP-1 in Response to Purified Shiga Toxin 1 and/or Lipopolysaccharides

Lisa M. Harrison,{dagger} Christel van den Hoogen, Wilhelmina C. E. van Haaften, and Vernon L. Tesh*

Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College Station, Texas

Received 25 June 2004/ Returned for modification 14 September 2004/ Accepted 23 September 2004

Infections with Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing bacteria are associated with bloody diarrhea and postdiarrheal sequelae, including hemolytic uremic syndrome and central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities. Stx-induced intestinal, renal, and CNS vascular lesions may involve a localized production of proinflammatory cytokines in target organs, as tumor necrosis factor-{alpha} (TNF-{alpha}) and interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) up-regulate Stx receptor globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) expression on vascular endothelial cells. However, leukocyte recruitment to injured sites may also exacerbate vascular damage. A cytokine macroarray analysis of transcripts derived from macrophage-like THP-1 cells treated with Stx1, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), or both demonstrated a consistent up-regulation of TNF-{alpha}, IL-1ß, and four genes encoding the chemokines interleukin-8 (IL-8), macrophage inflammatory protein-1{alpha} (MIP-1{alpha}), MIP-1ß, and growth-related oncogene beta (GRO-ß). Real-time PCR analysis verified the macroarray results. Northern blot analyses after the addition of the transcriptional inhibitor actinomycin D revealed increased IL-8 mRNA stability in THP-1 cells treated with Stx1 or Stx1 plus LPS. Finally, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay data for Stx1- plus LPS-treated cells demonstrated a poor correlation between IL-8, MIP-1{alpha}, MIP-1ß, and GRO-ß mRNA levels and protein production, indicating a posttranscriptional regulatory effect. Our data suggest that in response to Stx1 and LPS, macrophages may be a source of chemokines that promote tissue damage through leukocyte recruitment and activation.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 407 Reynolds Medical Building, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843-1114. Phone: (979) 845-1313. Fax: (979) 845-3479. E-mail: tesh{at}medicine.tamu.edu.

Editor: A. D. O'Brien

{dagger} Present address: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201.

Infection and Immunity, January 2005, p. 403-412, Vol. 73, No. 1
0019-9567/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/IAI.73.1.403-412.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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