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Infection and Immunity, October 2005, p. 6584-6590, Vol. 73, No. 10
0019-9567/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/IAI.73.10.6584-6590.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Markers for Host-Induced Gene Expression in Trichophyton Dermatophytosis

Gil Kaufman,1 Israela Berdicevsky,1 Judith A. Woodfolk,2 and Benjamin A. Horwitz3*

Faculty of Medicine,1 Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel,2 Asthma and Allergic Diseases Center, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia3

Received 29 March 2005/ Returned for modification 12 April 2005/ Accepted 26 May 2005

Dermatophytes are adapted to infect keratinized tissues by their ability to utilize keratin as a nutrient source. Although there have been numerous reports that dermatophytes like Trichophyton sp. secrete proteolytic enzymes, virtually nothing is known about the patterns of gene expression in the host or even when the organisms are cultured on protein substrates in the absence of a host. We characterized the expression of an aminopeptidase gene, the Trichophyton mentagrophytes homolog of the Trichophyton rubrum Tri r 4 gene. The T. rubrum gene was originally isolated based on the ability of the protein encoded by it to induce immediate and delayed-type hypersensitivity in skin tests. T. mentagrophytes Tri m 4 is closely related to Tri r 4 (almost 94% identity at the protein level). Tri m 4 resembles other protease-encoding genes thought to be virulence factors (for example, DPP V of Aspergillus fumigatus). The Tri m 4 protein was detected immunochemically both in fungal extracts and in the culture medium. Expression of the Tri m 4 gene was induced severalfold when T. mentagrophytes was grown on keratin and elastin. Ex vivo, strong induction was observed after culture on blood plasma, but the use of homogenized skin did not result in a significant increase in Tri m 4 transcript levels. In order to identify additional genes encoding putative virulence factors, differential cDNA screening was performed. By this method, a fungal thioredoxin and a cellulase homolog were identified, and both genes were found to be strongly induced by skin extracellular matrix proteins. Induction by superficial (keratin) and deep (elastin) skin elements suggests that the products of these genes may be important in both superficial and deep dermatophytosis, and models for their function are proposed. Upregulation of several newly identified T. mentagrophytes genes on protein substrates suggests that these genes encode proteins which are relevant to the dermatophyte-skin interaction.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel. Phone: 972-4-8293976. Fax: 972-4-8225153. E-mail: horwitz{at}tx.technion.ac.il.

Editor: T. R. Kozel

Infection and Immunity, October 2005, p. 6584-6590, Vol. 73, No. 10
0019-9567/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/IAI.73.10.6584-6590.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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