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Infection and Immunity, November 2005, p. 7558-7568, Vol. 73, No. 11
0019-9567/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/IAI.73.11.7558-7568.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Comparison of Immune Responses to Gonococcal PorB Delivered as Outer Membrane Vesicles, Recombinant Protein, or Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Replicon Particles

Weiyan Zhu,1 Christopher E. Thomas,1 Ching-ju Chen,1 Cornelius N. Van Dam,1 Robert E. Johnston,2 Nancy L. Davis,2 and P. Frederick Sparling1,2*

Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases,1 Carolina Vaccine Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina2

Received 31 May 2005/ Returned for modification 14 July 2005/ Accepted 15 August 2005

Porin (PorB) is a major outer membrane protein produced by all Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains and has been a focus of intense interest as a vaccine candidate. In this study, the immunogenicity of PorB in mice was investigated after several immunization regimens. Outer membrane vesicles (OMV), recombinant renatured PorB (rrPorB), and PorB-expressing Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus replicon particles (PorB VRP) were delivered intranasally (i.n.) or subcutaneously (s.c.) into the dorsal area or the hind footpad in three-dose schedules; the PorB VRP-immunized mice were given a single additional booster dose of rrPorB in Ribi adjuvant. Different delivery systems and administration routes induced different immune responses. Mice immunized s.c. with rrPorB in Ribi had the highest levels of PorB-specific serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Surprisingly, there was an apparent Th1 bias, based on IgG1/IgG2a ratios, after immunization with rrPorB in Ribi in the footpad while the same vaccine given in the dorsal area gave a strongly Th2-biased response. PorB VRP-immunized mice produced a consistent Th1 response with a high gamma interferon response in stimulated splenic lymphocytes and very low IgG1/IgG2a ratios. Immunization by OMV delivered i.n. was the only regimen that resulted in a serum bactericidal response, and it generated an excellent mucosal IgA response. Serum from mice immunized with rrPorB preferentially recognized the surface of whole gonococci expressing a homologous PorB, whereas serum from PorB VRP-immunized mice had relatively low whole-cell binding activity but recognized both heterologous and homologous PorB equally. The data resulting from this direct comparison suggested that important aspects of the immune response can be manipulated by altering the form of the antigen and its delivery. This information coupled with an understanding of protective antigonococcal immune responses will enable the design of the optimal vaccine for N. gonorrhoeae.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease Research, 8341 Medical Biomolecular Research Bldg., 103 Mason Farm Road, CB# 7031, Chapel Hill, NC 27599. Phone: (919) 966-3661. Fax: (919) 843-1015. E-mail: zman{at}med.unc.edu.

Editor: D. L. Burns

Infection and Immunity, November 2005, p. 7558-7568, Vol. 73, No. 11
0019-9567/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/IAI.73.11.7558-7568.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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