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Infection and Immunity, March 2005, p. 1568-1577, Vol. 73, No. 3
0019-9567/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/IAI.73.3.1568-1577.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

A Live and Inactivated Chlamydia trachomatis Mouse Pneumonitis Strain Induces the Maturation of Dendritic Cells That Are Phenotypically and Immunologically Distinct

Jose Rey-Ladino,1 Kasra M. Koochesfahani,1 Michelle L. Zaharik,1 Caixia Shen,1 and Robert C. Brunham1*

University of British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada1

Received 5 August 2004/ Returned for modification 2 September 2004/ Accepted 23 October 2004

The intracellular bacterial pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis is a major cause of sexually transmitted disease worldwide. While protective immunity does appear to develop following natural chlamydial infection in humans, early vaccine trials using heat-killed C. trachomatis resulted in limited and transient protection with possible enhanced disease during follow-up. Thus, immunity following natural infection with live chlamydia may differ from immune responses induced by immunization with inactivated chlamydia. To study this differing immunology, we used murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DC) to examine DC maturation and immune effector function induced by live and UV-irradiated C. trachomatis elementary bodies (live EBs and UV-EB, respectively). DC exposed to live EBs acquired a mature DC morphology; expressed high levels of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II, CD80, CD86, CD40, and ICAM-1; produced elevated amounts of interleukin-12 and tumor necrosis factor alpha; and were efficiently recognized by Chlamydia-specific CD4+ T cells. In contrast, UV-EB-pulsed DC expressed low levels of CD40 and CD86 but displayed high levels of MHC class II, ICAM-1, and CD80; secreted low levels of proinflammatory cytokines; and exhibited reduced recognition by Chlamydia-specific CD4+ T cells. Adoptive transfer of live EB-pulsed DC was more effective than that of UV-EB-pulsed DC at protecting mice against challenge with live C. trachomatis. The expression of DC maturation markers and immune protection induced by UV-EB could be significantly enhanced by costimulation of DC ex vivo with UV-EB and oligodeoxynucleotides containing cytosine phosphate guanosine; however, the level of protection was significantly less than that achieved by using DC pulsed ex vivo with viable EBs. Thus, exposure of DC to live EBs results in a mature DC phenotype which is able to promote protective immunity, while exposure to UV-EB generates a semimature DC phenotype with less protective potential. This result may explain in part the differences in protective immunity induced by natural infection and immunization with whole inactivated organisms and is relevant to rational chlamydia vaccine design strategies.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: University of British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, 655 West 12th Ave., Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada. Phone: (604) 660-2626. Fax: (604) 660-6066. E-mail: robert.brunham{at}bccdc.ca.

Editor: J. L. Flynn

Infection and Immunity, March 2005, p. 1568-1577, Vol. 73, No. 3
0019-9567/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/IAI.73.3.1568-1577.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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