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Infection and Immunity, February 2006, p. 887-895, Vol. 74, No. 2
0019-9567/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/IAI.74.2.887-895.2006
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Toll-Like Receptor 4 Protects against Lethal Leptospira interrogans Serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae Infection and Contributes to In Vivo Control of Leptospiral Burden

Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0640,¹ Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System and Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, La Jolla, California 92161²

Received 13 September 2005/ Returned for modification 20 October 2005/ Accepted 10 November 2005

The roles of innate immune responses in protection from or pathogenesis of severe leptospirosis remain unclear. We examined the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in mouse infection and macrophage responses to Leptospira. C3H/HeJ mice (TLR4 deficient) and C3H/HeJ-SCID mice, but not C3H/OuJ mice (TLR4 intact), died after intraperitoneal infection with Leptospira interrogans serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae. Death in both C3H/HeJ mouse strains was associated with jaundice and pulmonary hemorrhage, similar to the patient from whom the isolate was obtained. In chronic sublethal infection, TLR4-deficient mice harbored more leptospires in liver, lung, and kidney than control mice. Heat-killed Leptospira stimulated macrophages to secrete proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6, and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 not inhibited by polymyxin B, suggesting that leptospiral lipopolysaccharide (LPS) did not drive these responses. Anti-TLR4 and anti-MD-2 but not anti-CD14 monoclonal antibodies inhibited cytokine production. Peritoneal macrophages from CD14^–/– and TLR2^–/– mice exhibited no defect in cytokine responses to Leptospira compared to controls. Macrophages from C3H/HeJ, TLR4^–/–, and MyD88^–/– mice secreted far-lower levels of cytokines than wild-type macrophages in response to Leptospira. TLR4 plays a crucial role in protection from acute lethal infection and control of leptospiral burden during sublethal chronic infection. Cytokine responses in macrophages correlated with leptospiral clearance. These TLR4-dependent but CD14/TLR2-independent responses are likely mediated by a leptospiral ligand(s) other than LPS.

Editor: W. A. Petri, Jr.

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