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Infection and Immunity, March 2006, p. 1649-1660, Vol. 74, No. 3
0019-9567/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/IAI.74.3.1649-1660.2006
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Salmonella enterica Highly Expressed Genes Are Disease Specific

Claudia Rollenhagen1 and Dirk Bumann1,2*

Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, Schumannstr. 21/22, D-10117 Berlin, Germany,1 Hannover Medical School, Junior Research Group Mucosal Infections, OE 9421, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany2

Received 13 September 2005/ Returned for modification 25 October 2005/ Accepted 8 December 2005

During in vitro broth culture, bacterial gene expression is typically dominated by highly expressed factors involved in protein biosynthesis, maturation, and folding, but it is unclear if this also applies to conditions in natural environments. Here, we used a promoter trap strategy with an unstable green fluorescent protein reporter that can be detected in infected mouse tissues to identify 21 Salmonella enterica promoters with high levels of activity in a mouse enteritis model. We then measured the activities of these and 31 previously identified Salmonella promoters in both the enteritis and a murine typhoid fever model. Surprisingly, the data reveal that instead of protein biosynthesis genes, disease-specific genes such as Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1)-associated genes and genes involved in anaerobic respiration (enteritis) or SPI-2-associated genes and genes of the PhoP regulon (typhoid fever), respectively, dominate Salmonella in vivo gene expression. The overall functional profile of highly expressed genes suggests a marked shift in major transcriptional activities to nutrient utilization during enteritis or to fighting against the host during typhoid fever. The large proportion of known and novel essential virulence factors among the identified genes suggests that high expression levels during infection may correlate with functional relevance.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Hannover Medical School, Institute of Immunology, Junior Research Group Mucosal Infections, OE 9421, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany. Phone: 49 511 532 9785. Fax: 49 511 532 9783. E-mail: bumann.dirk{at}mh-hannover.de.

Editor: A. D. O'Brien

Infection and Immunity, March 2006, p. 1649-1660, Vol. 74, No. 3
0019-9567/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/IAI.74.3.1649-1660.2006
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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