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Infection and Immunity, September 2006, p. 4970-4981, Vol. 74, No. 9
0019-9567/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/IAI.00687-06
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Innate Immune Responses to Lung-Stage Helminth Infection Induce Alternatively Activated Alveolar Macrophages{dagger}

Joshua J. Reece, Mark C. Siracusa, and Alan L. Scott*

W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland

Received 28 April 2006/ Returned for modification 21 June 2006/ Accepted 29 June 2006

While it is well established that infection with the rodent hookworm Nippostrongylus brasiliensis induces a strongly polarized Th2 immune response, little is known about the innate host-parasite interactions that lead to the development of this robust Th2 immunity. We exploited the transient pulmonary phase of N. brasiliensis development to study the innate immune responses induced by this helminth parasite in wild-type (WT) and severe-combined immune deficient (SCID) BALB/c mice. Histological analysis demonstrated that the cellular infiltrates caused by N. brasiliensis transit through the lungs were quickly resolved in WT mice but not in SCID mice. Microarray-based gene expression analysis demonstrated that there was a rapid induction of genes encoding molecules that participate in innate immunity and in repair/remodeling during days 2 to 4 postinfection in the lungs of WT and SCID mice. Of particular note was the rapid upregulation in both WT and SCID mice of the genes encoding YM1, FIZZ1, and Arg1, indicating a role for alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs) in pulmonary innate immunity. Immunohistochemistry revealed that nearly all alveolar macrophages became YM1-producing AAMs as early as day 2 postinfection. While the innate responses induced during the lung phase of N. brasiliensis infection were similar in complexity and magnitude in WT and SCID mice, only mice with functional T cells were capable of maintaining elevated levels of gene expression beyond the innate window of reactivity. The induction of alternatively activated alveolar macrophages could be important for dampening the level of inflammation in the lungs and contribute to the long-term decrease in pulmonary inflammation that has been associated with helminth infections.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205. Phone: (410) 955-3430. Fax: (410) 955-0105. E-mail: ascott{at}jhsph.edu.

Editor: W. A. Petri, Jr.

{dagger} Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://iai.asm.org/.

Infection and Immunity, September 2006, p. 4970-4981, Vol. 74, No. 9
0019-9567/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/IAI.00687-06
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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