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Infection and Immunity, July 2007, p. 3305-3314, Vol. 75, No. 7
0019-9567/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/IAI.00351-07
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Identification of an Orphan Response Regulator Required for the Virulence of Francisella spp. and Transcription of Pathogenicity Island Genes{triangledown}

Nrusingh P. Mohapatra,1 Shilpa Soni,1 Brian L. Bell,2 Richard Warren,2 Robert K. Ernst,3 Artur Muszynski,4 Russell W. Carlson,4 and John S. Gunn1*

Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210,1 Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio 43210,2 Department of Medicine, University of Washington, HSB T-293, Box 357710, 1959 Pacific Street, N.E., Seattle, Washington 98195,3 Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 306024

Received 6 March 2007/ Returned for modification 25 March 2007/ Accepted 6 April 2007

Francisella tularensis is a category A agent of biowarfare/biodefense. Little is known about the regulation of virulence gene expression in Francisella spp. Comparatively few regulatory factors exist in Francisella, including those belonging to two-component systems (TCS). However, orphan members of typical TCS can be identified. To determine if orphan TCS members affect Francisella gene expression, a gene encoding a product with high similarity to the Salmonella PmrA response regulator (FTT1557c/FNU0663.2) was deleted in Francisella novicida (a model organism for F. tularensis). The F. novicida pmrA mutant was defective in survival/growth within human and murine macrophage cell lines and was 100% defective in virulence in mice at a dose of up to 108 CFU. In addition, the mutant strain demonstrated increased susceptibility to antimicrobial peptide killing, but no differences were observed between the lipid A of the mutant and the parental strain, as has been observed with pmrA mutants of other microbes. The F. novicida pmrA mutant was 100% protective as a single-dose vaccine when challenge was with 106 CFU of F. novicida but did not protect against type A Schu S4 wild-type challenge. DNA microarray analysis identified 65 genes regulated by PmrA. The majority of these genes were located in the region surrounding pmrA or within the Francisella pathogenicity island (FPI). These FPI genes are also regulated by MglA, but MglA does not regulate pmrA, nor does PmrA regulate MglA. Thus, the orphan response regulator PmrA is an important factor in controlling virulence in F. novicida, and a pmrA mutant strain is an effective vaccine against homologous challenge.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: The Ohio State University, Biomedical Research Tower, 460 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210-1214. Phone: (614) 292-6036. Fax: (614) 292-5495. E-mail: gunn.43{at}osu.edu

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 23 April 2007.

Editor: V. J. DiRita

Infection and Immunity, July 2007, p. 3305-3314, Vol. 75, No. 7
0019-9567/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/IAI.00351-07
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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