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Infection and Immunity, November 2008, p. 4999-5005, Vol. 76, No. 11
0019-9567/08/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/IAI.00045-08
Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Identification and Characterization of Two Novel Staphylococcal Enterotoxins, Types S and T{triangledown}

Hisaya K. Ono,1 Katsuhiko Omoe,1* Ken'ichi Imanishi,2 Yoshihiro Iwakabe,1 Dong-Liang Hu,3 Hidehito Kato,2 Naoyuki Saito,4 Akio Nakane,3 Takehiko Uchiyama,2 and Kunihiro Shinagawa1

Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan,1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan,2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan,3 The Corporation for Production and Research of Laboratory Primates, Hachimandai 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0843, Japan4

Received 13 January 2008/ Returned for modification 26 February 2008/ Accepted 7 August 2008

In addition to two known staphylococcal enterotoxin-like genes (selj and selr), two novel genes coding for two superantigens, staphylococcal enterotoxins S and T (SES and SET), were identified in plasmid pF5, which is harbored by food poisoning-related Staphylococcus aureus strain Fukuoka 5. This strain was implicated in a food poisoning incident in Fukuoka City, Japan, in 1997. Recombinant SES (rSES) specifically stimulated human T cells in a T-cell receptor Vβ9- and Vβ16-specific manner in the presence of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II+ antigen-presenting cells (APC). rSET also stimulated T cells in the presence of MHC class II+ APC, although its Vβ skewing was not found in reactive T cells. Subsequently, we examined the emetic activity of SES and SET. We also studied SElR to determine emetic activity in primates. This toxin was identified in previous studies but was not examined in terms of possession of emetic activity for primates. rSES induced emetic reactions in two of four monkeys at a dose of 100 µg/kg within 5 h of intragastric administration. In one monkey, rSET induced a delayed reaction (24 h postadministration) at a dose of 100 µg/kg, and in the other one, the reaction occurred 5 days postadministration. rSElR induced a reaction in two of six animals within 5 h at 100 µg/kg. On this basis, we speculate that the causative toxins of vomiting in the Fukuoka case are SES and SER. Additionally, SES, SER, and SET also induced emesis in house musk shrews as in the monkeys.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan. Phone: 81-19-621-6221. Fax: 81-19-621-6223. E-mail: omo{at}iwate-u.ac.jp

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 18 August 2008.

Editor: V. J. DiRita

Infection and Immunity, November 2008, p. 4999-5005, Vol. 76, No. 11
0019-9567/08/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/IAI.00045-08
Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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