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Infection and Immunity, September 2009, p. 3696-3704, Vol. 77, No. 9
0019-9567/09/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/IAI.00438-09
Copyright © 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Streptococcus gordonii Modulates Candida albicans Biofilm Formation through Intergeneric Communication{triangledown}

Caroline V. Bamford,1 Anita d'Mello,1 Angela H. Nobbs,1 Lindsay C. Dutton,1 M. Margaret Vickerman,2 and Howard F. Jenkinson1*

Department of Oral and Dental Science, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LY, United Kingdom,1 Department of Oral Biology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Foster Hall, Buffalo, New York 14214-30922

Received 20 April 2009/ Returned for modification 23 May 2009/ Accepted 6 June 2009

The fungus Candida albicans colonizes human oral cavity surfaces in conjunction with a complex microflora. C. albicans SC5314 formed biofilms on saliva-coated surfaces that in early stages of development consisted of ~30% hyphal forms. In mixed biofilms with the oral bacterium Streptococcus gordonii DL1, hyphal development by C. albicans was enhanced so that biofilms consisted of ~60% hyphal forms. Cell-cell contact between S. gordonii and C. albicans involved Streptococcus cell wall-anchored proteins SspA and SspB (antigen I/II family polypeptides). Repression of C. albicans hyphal filament and biofilm production by the quorum-sensing molecule farnesol was relieved by S. gordonii. The ability of a luxS mutant of S. gordonii deficient in production of autoinducer 2 to induce C. albicans hyphal formation was reduced, and this mutant suppressed farnesol inhibition of hyphal formation less effectively. Coincubation of the two microbial species led to activation of C. albicans mitogen-activated protein kinase Cek1p, inhibition of Mkc1p activation by H2O2, and enhanced activation of Hog1p by farnesol, which were direct effects of streptococci on morphogenetic signaling. These results suggest that interactions between C. albicans and S. gordonii involve physical (adherence) and chemical (diffusible) signals that influence the development of biofilm communities. Thus, bacteria may play a significant role in modulating Candida carriage and infection processes in the oral cavity.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Oral and Dental Science, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LY, United Kingdom. Phone: 44-117-342-4424. Fax: 44-117-342-4313. E-mail: howard.jenkinson{at}bristol.ac.uk

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 15 June 2009.

Editor: A. Casadevall

Infection and Immunity, September 2009, p. 3696-3704, Vol. 77, No. 9
0019-9567/09/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/IAI.00438-09
Copyright © 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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