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Infection and Immunity, December 1998, p. 5771-5776, Vol. 66, No. 12
Department of Microbiology, Montana State
University, Bozeman, Montana 59717-3520
Received 13 July 1998/Returned for modification 18 August
1998/Accepted 8 September 1998
We previously reported that a vaccine composed of liposome-mannan
complexes of Candida albicans (L-mann) stimulates mice to produce protective antibodies against disseminated candidiasis. An
immunoglobulin M (IgM) monoclonal antibody (MAb), B6.1, specific for a
Vaginal candidiasis, a mucosal
infection caused by Candida species (39), is one
of the most common infections in women (41). An estimated
75% of all females experience at least one episode of the disease
during their lifetime (40). In the United States, there are
approximately 13 million cases of vaginal candidiasis annually
(34). C. albicans is the most common etiologic
agent (14, 22), but other Candida species such as
C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, and C. parapsilosis also cause the disease (22, 30).
Topical and/or oral administration of antifungal drugs is used for the
prevention and treatment of vaginal candidiasis (2, 5, 41).
In otherwise healthy individuals, however, antifungal drugs are used
after the onset of disease; thus, these patients must suffer symptoms
before seeking therapy, and in some the disease will recur after
discontinuation of the drug (22, 30). Newly developed
triazoles have been beneficial in prevention and treatment of
candidiasis; however, azole-resistant strains of C. albicans are emerging (9, 36, 42), and prolonged preventive use of
antifungal drugs in healthy individuals is unwarranted. These problems
led us to consider alternative preventive and therapeutic approaches.
Host immunological defenses that protect against Candida
vaginal infection are not well defined and may involve both cell- and
antibody-mediated mechanisms. Vaginal immunization with C. albicans protected pseudoestrous mice against experimental vaginal infection (11), and local cell-mediated immunity may have a role in host defense against this condition (16). The role
of a specific antibody in host defense against Candida
vaginitis has been questioned because patients with this condition are
likely to have antibodies of various isotypes in vaginal secretions
(15, 31, 37). Cassone et al. (8) showed, however,
that antibodies, apparently against mannan and secretory aspartyl
proteinases of C. albicans, mediated protection against
infection in ovariectomized and estrogen-treated rats.
In previous work we focused on the role of antibodies to
Candida in host defense against disseminated candidiasis.
Vaccination with liposome-encapsulated C. albicans surface
mannan (L-mann) provoked a protective antibody response against
disseminated disease due to either C. albicans or C. tropicalis (16). A monoclonal antibody (MAb), B6.1,
specific for the Candida mannan, enhanced resistance of
normal and SCID mice against disseminated candidiasis (16)
and had a protective effect in neutropenic mice (17). A
second MAb, B6, did not show protective activity (16, 17). Both MAbs are immunoglobulin M (IgM), and both agglutinated yeast cells
(16). MAb B6.1 is specific for a In this study, we tested the ability of the L-mann vaccine and the MAbs
to enhance resistance of mice to Candida vaginal infection. All of these reagents showed protective effects.
Organism and culture conditions.
C. albicans CA-1,
previously characterized as a serotype A strain by use of rabbit
anti-C. albicans serum developed by Hasenclever et al.
(19, 20), is a serotype B strain according to the
Candida-Check system (Iatron Laboratories Inc., Tokyo, Japan). C. tropicalis CT-4 is from our stock culture collection. Species
classification was confirmed by API 20C yeast identification strips
(BioMerieux Vitek, Inc., Hazelwood, Mo.), and this strain was used in a
previous study (16). Stock cultures were stored at Mice.
BALB/c female mice obtained from either The Jackson
Laboratory (Bar Harbor, Maine) or Charles River Laboratories (Kingston, N.Y.) were used at 6 to 9 weeks of age. Three days before infection with C. albicans, each mouse received a subcutaneous (s.c.)
injection of estradiol valerate (0.5 mg per mouse; Sigma) suspended in
sterile sesame oil (Sigma) to induce pseudoestrus (12, 13).
Chlamydia infection experiments are described below. In all
experiments, mice were maintained in accordance with institutional
regulations in an Association for Assessment and Accreditation of
Laboratory Animal Care-certified animal facility at Montana State
University (MSU).
MAbs.
MAbs B6.1 and B6 were isolated and characterized as
previously described (3, 16, 18); both were produced in
serum-free medium by LigoCyte Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Bozeman, Mont.
Starting antibody concentrations and purity of the MAbs were estimated as before (18). The concentrations of MAbs B6.1 and B6 in
the final preparations were estimated at 3.5 and 3.4 mg/ml,
respectively. As a control antibody, an irrelevant IgM MAb, S9, which
is specific for type III group B streptococcal polysaccharide
(32), was used. The S9 hybridoma clone was a generous gift
from Seth Pincus, MSU, and MAb S9 was produced in the same way at
LigoCyte Pharmaceuticals. The starting concentration of MAb S9 was
estimated at 4.6 mg/ml. An irrelevant IgG MAb, termed 54.1 and specific
for human neutrophil cytochrome b (4) (a generous
gift from Jim Burritt and Al Jesaitis, MSU), was used as an additional
negative control at a starting concentration of 5.0 mg/ml, as estimated
by the above methods. MAbs S9 and 54.1 were used in experiments at the
same concentrations as MAbs B6.1 and B6.
0019-9567/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
A Vaccine and Monoclonal Antibodies That Enhance
Mouse Resistance to Candida albicans Vaginal
Infection
ABSTRACT
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Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Methods
Results
Discussion
References
-1,2-mannotriose in the complexes protects against the disease,
whereas MAb B6 does not. In the present study, the vaccine and MAbs
B6.1 and B6 were tested for the ability to protect against Candida vaginal infection, established by intravaginal
(i.vg.) inoculation of yeast cells in mice maintained in pseudoestrus. Fungal CFU in each vagina was determined to assess the severity of
infection. Mice vaccinated before infection developed about 62% fewer
vaginal CFU than nonimmunized controls. Naive mice that received
polyclonal antiserum (from vaccinated mice) i.vg. before infection had
60% fewer CFU than controls. The serum protective factor was stable at
56°C, but C. albicans cells absorbed this factor. Mice
given MAb B6.1 i.vg. after infection was established had fewer
Candida CFU in vaginal tissue than control mice given buffer instead of antibody. MAbs B6.1 and B6 given intraperitoneally before infection protected mice, but MAbs preabsorbed with yeast cells
did not. MAb B6.1 also protected against C. tropicalis
vaginal infection, but MAb B6 did not. The protective activities of
MAbs B6.1 and B6 appeared to be specific because an irrelevant IgM carbohydrate-specific MAb and an irrelevant IgG protein-specific MAb
were not protective; also, MAb B6.1 did not affect development of
vaginal chlamydial infection. These studies show that an appropriate antibody response, or administration of protective antibodies, can help
the host to resist Candida vaginal infection.
INTRODUCTION
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Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Methods
Results
Discussion
References
-1,2-mannotriose
(18), which is an acid-labile component in the
phosphomannoprotein complex of the cell wall (38). MAb B6 is
specific for a mannan epitope in the acid-stable part of the complex
(unpublished data).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
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Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Methods
Results
Discussion
References
20°C.
New yeast suspensions were started each week from the stock cultures
and grown as hydrophilic stationary-phase yeast cells in glucose-yeast
extract-peptone broth at 37°C as previously described
(21). Yeast cells were harvested from the broth cultures by
centrifugation, washed in cold (0 to 4°C) sterile deionized water,
suspended to the desired yeast cell concentration in cold sterile
Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS; Sigma Chemical Co., St.
Louis, Mo.), and used immediately to infect the test mice.
L-mann vaccine.
The L-mann vaccine was prepared as
previously described (16). In brief, a C. albicans cell surface mannan-enriched fraction was isolated by a
-mercaptoethanol treatment of yeast cells and encapsulated into
multilamellar liposomes. Control liposomes (L-DPBS) were prepared by
adding diluent buffer (DPBS) instead of mannan during the preparation
as previously described (16). Control and test liposomes
were identical with respect to microscopic appearance.
Preventive effect of active immunization. Before vaginal infection with C. albicans, mice were immunized with the L-mann vaccine by intravenous (i.v.) injection once a week for a total of 5 weeks as previously described (16). Each injection consisted of 0.2 ml of L-mann, which contained 178 µg of the enriched mannan fraction. Control mice received L-DPBS or buffer (DPBS) alone. Four days after the fifth immunization, all mice were given estradiol s.c. Three days later, they were infected with C. albicans (5 × 105 yeast cells) intravaginally (i.vg.) by gentle insertion of a thin micropipette tip into the vaginal tract and delivery of 10 µl containing the desired number of the yeast cells. Two days after the infection, the animals were sacrificed and CFU of vaginal tissue was determined as indicated below.
Passive transfer of PAbs.
To determine if antibodies in the
sera from vaccinated mice were responsible for the protection induced
by active immunization, polyclonal antisera (PAbs) were obtained from
L-mann-vaccinated mice and pooled. The pooled PAb had an agglutinin
titer of 40 to 80 (16) and was either immediately stored at
20°C, heated at 56°C for 30 min, and stored at 20°C or
absorbed with C. albicans yeast cells and stored as
previously described (16). As an additional control, one
mouse group received normal mouse serum (NMS) obtained from mice that
were given only DPBS. Three days after being given estradiol s.c.,
naive mice were divided into groups of four; each group received one of
the various test sera (30 µl per mouse) i.vg. by gentle insertion of
a thin micropipette tip into the vaginal tract. Four hours later, all
mice were challenged i.vg. with C. albicans (5 × 105 yeast cells). All animals received a second dose (10 µl) of serum or buffer i.vg. 24 h after the first dose.
Forty-four hours after the first dose of serum, vaginal CFU was
determined and evaluated as indicated below.
Passive transfer of MAbs by the i.vg. or intraperitoneal (i.p.) route. The preventive effects of MAbs B6.1 and B6 were examined by the same injection schedules as above for experiments on PAbs. Intravaginal doses of either MAb for the first (i.e., at 4 h before infection) and second (i.e., at 20 h after infection) treatments were 35 and 10 µg per mouse in volumes of 30 and 10 µl, respectively. Control mice received equivalent volumes of the DPBS diluent.
The therapeutic effect of MAb B6.1 was also tested by the i.vg. route. Mice were given estradiol s.c., and 3 days later these pseudoestrous mice were infected with C. albicans (5 × 105 yeast cells/mouse) i.vg. At 4 and 24 h after infection, the animals were given 35 and 10 µg, respectively, of MAb B6.1. Forty-eight hours after the infection, vaginal CFU was measured and evaluated as indicated below. In some experiments, groups of mice received the antibody or diluent i.p. instead of i.vg. In this test, the antibodies were given again in two doses at 4 h before and 20 h after infection, as described above and previously for experimental disseminated candidiasis (16). The doses of antibodies for the first and second treatments were approximately 106 and 42.5 µg per mouse in volumes of 0.5 and 0.2 ml, respectively. In addition to the various MAb preparations, the hybridoma serum-free medium (HB101) that was concentrated and prepared as for antibody production was tested for its effect on vaginal infection. The preventive effect of the i.p. administration of MAbs B6.1 and B6 against vaginal infection due to C. tropicalis was also determined. Dosages of antibodies and injection schedules prior to infection were identical to those for the above experiments except that each animal was infected i.vg. with 106 C. tropicalis yeast cells in a 10-µl volume.Assessment of resistance and susceptibility to Candida vaginal infection. To determine relative susceptibility or resistance to vaginal infection, the number of Candida CFU per gram of vaginal tissue was determined as previously described for kidney CFU measurements (16, 17, 33). In brief, the entire vagina was removed from each infected mouse, weighed, and homogenized in 1 ml of DPBS with a hand-held glass tissue homogenizer. Appropriate dilutions of the vaginal tissue homogenates were plated onto Mycobiotic agar (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Mich.) and incubated at 37°C; 48 h later, Candida colonies were counted. A minimum of four mice per group was tested, and each experiment was repeated at least three times.
C. trachomatis genital infections. As an additional test for specificity, MAbs B6.1 and B6 were tested for protective effects against C. trachomatis infection in mice. Vaginal infection with the mouse pneumonitis C. trachomatis strain was performed as described previously (27), with the following modifications. Three groups of five mice received 2.5 mg of Dep-provera (medroxy-progesterone acetate) subcutaneously at 10 and 3 days prior to vaginal infection. Four hours before and 20 h after infection, mice were injected i.p. as described above with either MAb B6.1, MAb B6, or DPBS. The course of infection was monitored by swabbing the vaginal tract at various times after infection and enumerating inclusion-forming units by isolation onto HeLa cell monolayers. Inclusions were visualized by indirect immunofluorescent staining (44).
Detection of antibody in vaginal fluid and tissue. Mice received MAb B6.1 or B6 by the i.p. route and were infected i.vg. as described above. Control mice received DPBS instead of antibody. For immunofluorescence detection of antibody, vaginal fluid containing Candida cells was collected by vaginal lavage with cold sterile DPBS (400 µl per mouse) 5 or 24 h after the first dose and 24 h after the second dose of antibody. The C. albicans cells present in the vaginal fluid were washed twice with 400 µl of cold DPBS. The washed yeast cell pellet from the second wash was suspended in 50 µl of goat anti-mouse IgM (µ-chain specific; 1.0 mg/ml; diluted 1:30 in DPBS; Sigma) in a microcentrifuge tube. The mixture in the tube was plunged into ice and incubated for 30 min. The fungal cells were washed three times in 1 ml of cold DPBS, suspended in 500 µl of fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated rabbit anti-goat IgG (anti-whole molecule; 3.0 mg/ml; diluted 1:200 in DPBS; Sigma), incubated in an ice bath for 30 min, and washed three times as described above. Evidence of antibody on the fungal cell surface was determined by examination of the cells by confocal fluorescence microscopy (Nikon DVC-250 scanning confocal argon-krypton laser [488-nm excitation wavelength] microscope, equipped with a 60× oil immersion lens, numerical aperture 1.4, as obtained from Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif.).
In other experiments, vaginal fluid was collected from mice that received MAb B6.1 or B6 by the i.p. route as described above, but these animals were not infected with C. albicans. The amount of antibody given to mice was usually the same as indicated above, but some groups of mice received a 16-fold-higher dose of MAb B6.1 before vaginal lavage. The vaginal lavage fluid from each animal was collected by washing the vagina with sterile DPBS (400 µl in total) 4 h after the first dose or immediately after the second dose of antibody, and the material was clarified by centrifugation at 300 × g. In some cases, the 400-µl vaginal wash was concentrated to approximately 50 µl by use of a C30 concentrator (Pierce, Rockford, Ill.) and centrifugation at 5,000 × g for 20 min. Forty microliters of each preparation was mixed with 40 µl from a 106/ml yeast cell suspension in DPBS and then incubated in an ice bath for 30 min; the yeast cells in the suspension were washed three times in DPBS. The cells were suspended in 200 µl of the goat anti-mouse IgM preparation and incubated in an ice bath for 30 min. After washings, the cells were suspended in fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated rabbit anti-goat IgG (diluted 1:200 in DPBS) and examined by confocal fluorescence microscopy as described above. As a positive control in both fluorescence tests, C. albicans yeast cells were reacted with stock MAb B6.1 or B6, and the yeast cells were processed as described above. In addition to the immunofluorescence method, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used as a further means of detecting antibody in vaginal lavage fluids. Mice in pseudoestrus were given approximately equal amounts of MAbs B6.1, B6, and S9 i.p. as described above. At various times after antibody administration, the animals were sacrificed and the vaginal lumen was washed as described above. An ELISA, as described previously for the isolation of MAb B6.1 (16), was used to test vaginal washes for the presence of antibody. Briefly, one half of the number of wells in an ELISA 96-microtiter plate (Corning Glass, Corning, N.Y.) received 50 µl of the enriched mannan fraction, which was used for preparation of the L-mann vaccine. The mannan fraction was prepared at 1 µg/ml in 0.06 M carbonated buffer, pH 9.6. For negative controls, each of the remaining wells received 50 µl of buffer solution. The plate was incubated at 37°C for 3 h followed by 5 to 8°C for 16 h. The wells were washed with deionized water three times, blocked with 3% bovine serum albumin (BSA) in Tris (Sigma)-buffered saline solution (TBS; 0.01 M Tris-HCl, 0.15 M NaCl [pH 7.4]) (TBS-BSA) at room temperature (RT; 22 to 24°C) for 1 h, washed with TBS plus 0.05% Tween 20 (TBS-Tween) three times, and washed with TBS three times. Fifty microliters of vaginal lavage obtained as indicated above was added to the appropriate wells, which were then incubated at 37°C for 1 h and washed with TBS-Tween and TBS as described above. Peroxidase-conjugated anti-mouse polyvalent immunoglobulins (1.6 mg/ml; diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-BSA; Sigma) were added to the wells, which were then incubated at RT for 1 h and washed as described above. The substrate was prepared by dissolving 25 mg of o-phenylenediamine (Sigma) in 25 ml of 0.1 M citric acid solution (pH 5.0) and then adding 10 µl of 30% hydrogen peroxide. One hundred microliters of substrate was added to each well, the plate was incubated at RT for color development, the reaction was stopped by addition of 100 µl of 10% H2SO4 per well, and the results were read at 490 nm in a microtiter plate reader (model 450; Bio-Rad). As a positive control, MAb B6.1 was used under conditions identical to those described above. A known amount of MAb B6.1 (23.5 µg) was serially diluted in TBS-BSA to determine the sensitivity of the ELISA method for antibody detection.Statistical analyses. In all cases, the number of animals per group was 5, and averages and standard errors were computed from independent observations run at least two times. Statistical significance of differences between test and control groups was determined by Student's t test.
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RESULTS |
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Introduction
Materials & Methods
Results
Discussion
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Depending on the route of treatment, i.vg. or i.p., the final vaginal Candida CFU count varied. For each experimental protocol, however, the numbers of CFU were highly reproducible within each group. Furthermore, the vaccine and antibodies had a similar magnitudes of effect on CFU values.
Prophylaxis potential of the L-mann vaccine against Candida vaginal infection. L-mann-vaccinated mice showed greater resistance to vaginal infection than DPBS control mice (Fig. 1). Vaccinated animals challenged with the yeast cells had (110 ± 38) × 103 CFU/g of vaginal tissue, while mice that received DPBS instead of the vaccine had (240 ± 44) × 103 CFU/g (mean ± standard error). The difference between vaccinated and unvaccinated mice was significant (P < 0.01). The vaginal count from L-DPBS control mice was (280 ± 38) × 103 CFU/g, which was slightly higher than that from DPBS controls, but the differences were not significant (P > 0.3).
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Polyclonal antiserum given i.vg. transfers enhanced resistance. Pooled PAbs from L-mann-vaccinated mice enhanced resistance of mice against vaginal infection (Fig. 2). Treatment of mice with unheated PAb, heated PAb (H-PAb), C. albicans-absorbed PAb (A-PAb), or NMS (negative control) i.vg. and challenge with C. albicans i.vg. resulted in CFU per gram of vaginal tissue of (250 ± 24) × 104 for PAb, (260 ± 37) × 104 for H-PAb, (740 ± 120) × 104 for A-PAb, and (690 ± 150) × 104 for NMS (mean ± standard error). When the CFU values for both PAb- and H-PAb-treated mice were compared to values for NMS-treated control mice, the differences were significant (P < 0.01). Antiserum preabsorbed with C. albicans yeast cells did not confer resistance (Fig. 2).
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MAb B6.1 given i.vg. has both preventive and therapeutic effects. MAb B6.1 or B6 was given i.vg. as described above (i.e., before and after infection with yeast cells) to test for a preventive effect (Fig. 3A) or only after an i.vg. infection to test for a therapeutic effect (Fig. 3B). Mice given MAb B6.1 or B6 before infection had, respectively, about 90 and 65% fewer vaginal CFU than DPBS control mice. The differences in CFU between MAb B6.1-treated or B6-treated mice and the control animals were statistically significant (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01, respectively) (Fig. 3A). Mice given MAb B6.1 therapeutically at 4 and 24 h after infection developed 48% fewer CFU than DPBS control animals (P < 0.02). MAb B6 did not have a therapeutic effect at a dose either comparable to that of MAb B6.1 (Fig. 3B) or 16-fold higher (data not shown). In fact, CFU values obtained after therapeutic application of MAb B6 were higher than CFU from DPBS control mice (P < 0.05) (Fig. 3B).
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MAb B6.1 given i.p. enhances resistance against vaginal infection due to C. albicans and C. tropicalis. Mice that received MAb B6.1 i.p. before and after infection with C. albicans developed 91% fewer vaginal CFU than DPBS control mice (P < 0.001) (Fig. 4A). In addition, enhanced resistance against vaginal infection was noted in mice that received either PAb from vaccinated mice or MAb B6. These animals developed 43 and 55%, respectively, fewer CFU compared to DPBS controls. Neither of the two irrelevant MAbs, S9 and 54.1, nor the hybridoma culture medium, HB101, had an effect (Fig. 4A). All preparations had an endotoxin content of less than 0.15 ng/ml (Escherichia coli O55:B5 lipopolysaccharide was the positive control). In addition, the protective ability of MAbs B6.1 and B6 was eliminated by absorption with C. albicans yeast cells (data not shown).
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MAbs B6.1 and B6 do not affect C. trachomatis vaginal infection. The experiment was done as an additional control for specificity of the protective effects due to the two MAbs. Neither MAb B6.1 nor MAb B6 had any effect on the course of a chlamydial vaginal infection. The numbers of infectious chlamydiae shed throughout the course of infection and the duration of infection were not different among antibody-treated and control groups (data not shown).
Detection of antibody in vaginal fluid and tissue. To determine if MAb B6.1 given to mice by the i.p. route can directly interact with C. albicans yeast cells on vaginal surfaces, we attempted to detect the antibody in vaginal lavage fluid. Although the ELISA was capable of detecting as little as 1.8 pg of MAb B6.1, as determined by in vitro titrations of the antibody, MAb B6.1 was not detected in tissues either by ELISA or by immunofluorescence tests. The same negative results were obtained for mice given i.p. a dose of MAb B6.1 16-fold higher than that used in the protection experiments (data not shown).
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DISCUSSION |
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Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Methods
Results
Discussion
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The L-mann vaccine, which was previously shown to induce protective responses in mice against disseminated candidiasis (16, 17), caused enhanced resistance against experimental vaginal infection in mice. The prevailing belief is that Th1-type responses are important in the host defense against vaginal candidiasis (35). Cassone and workers have observed that antimannan antibodies given i.vg. to rats enhance their resistance to vaginal infection (8). We confirmed this observation in the mouse model of Candida vaginal infection. Our finding that serum from immunized animals conferred protection when given i.p. was, however, surprising because the predominant protective antibody response in vaccinated mice is IgM (reference 16 and our unpublished observations). This observation was strengthened by the finding that the protective factor in the polyclonal immune serum is removed by preabsorption with C. albicans yeast cells. Furthermore, MAbs specific for Candida mannan epitopes are also effective in enhancing resistance against vaginal infection when given either i.vg. or i.p.
As in previous studies on disseminated candidiasis (16, 17),
MAb B6.1 was effective in protecting naive animals against vaginal
infection. This antibody had protective activity when given before
infection and therapeutic activity when given after infection. MAb B6.1
is specific to a -1,2-linked mannotriose, which is an acid-labile
component of the phosphomannan complex of C. albicans
(18). This epitope appears to be a major surface marker, as
indicated by confluent distribution patterns revealed by
immunofluorescence (17), electron microscopy, and relative abundance data obtained by gel electrophoresis (our unpublished findings). MAb B6.1 protected mice against vaginal infection due to
C. tropicalis (Fig. 4), which was expected because this
species produces a -1,2-mannotriose as part of its phosphomannan
complex (25) and the antibody also protected animals against
disseminated disease (16, 17).
Although MAb B6 was not effective in prevention of disseminated
candidiasis (16), it could enhance resistance against
vaginal infection, albeit not to the same extent as MAb B6.1. MAb B6
did not, however, protect mice against vaginal infection due to
C. tropicalis even though the antibody reacts with this
species. MAb B6 is specific for an acid-stable component of the
phosphomannan complex (reference 17 and our
unpublished data), but epitope distribution is patchy on the cell
surface and appears less concentrated than the B6.1 epitope
(18). A possible explanation for the protective activity of
MAb B6 against vaginal infection is that the B6 epitope is more exposed
due to lowered expression of the acid-labile -1,2-oligomannosyl residues. In agreement with this hypothesis is the finding that expression of these acid-labile components is reduced when fungal cells
are grown in an acidic environment (24, 26). Removing Candida cells from the vaginal tract of infected animals and
assessing expression of the B6 and B6.1 epitopes will test this hypothesis.
Since MAb B6 enhanced resistance to vaginal infection, it did not serve as a negative control for these studies. Additional controls were thus added to ensure that protection due to MAbs B6.1 and B6 was specific. First, none of the preparations had detectable endotoxin contamination by the Limulus amebocyte lysate test (<0.15 ng/ml). Second, uninoculated hybridoma growth medium, which was concentrated in the same way as the MAb preparations, did not have protective activity. Third, the protective activity of both antibodies was removed by preabsorption with Candida yeast cells. Fourth, an irrelevant IgM MAb, specific for a group B streptococcal polysaccharide and prepared exactly like MAbs B6.1 and B6, was not protective. Fifth, neither MAb B6.1 nor MAb B6 protected mice against vaginal infection due to C. trachomatis. For this latter experiment, susceptibility to disease was heightened by pretreatment of the mice with progesterone, rather than estradiol as used in the Candida infection model, but the antibodies were ineffective nonetheless.
The mechanism(s) by which the vaccine and MAbs B6.1 and B6 protect against vaginal infection is unknown. Active immunization of mice may well lead to general stimulation of the immune system, but the protective value of immune sera indicated that protective antibodies were produced. In our studies on disseminated candidiasis, MAb B6.1 promoted in vitro neutrophil candidacidal activity (6). Extrapolation of these observations to the in vivo situation may make sense for host defense against disseminated candidiasis but not for resistance against vaginal infection. Hematoxylin-and-eosin-stained tissue sections of infected vaginal tissue did not reveal the presence of many neutrophils (our unpublished findings), and others have provided evidence that these phagocytes may not alter the outcome of experimental vaginal candidiasis (1). In our studies, the vaccine was given i.v. and the MAbs were given either i.vg. or i.p. As alluded to above, protection by the i.vg. route is not surprising, as others have shown that this route is an effective way to protect rats against Candida vaginal infection (8). An explanation of protection induced by vaccination is complex, as plasma and secretory antibodies and cell-mediated immune responses may participate in the host defense. We have chosen, instead, to focus on mechanisms by which protective antibodies may be administered i.p. yet exert their effect on the vaginal epithelium.
Protection of mice against vaginal infection by i.p. administration of antibody was an unexpected result. The implication is that MAbs B6.1 and B6 are somehow transported from the peritoneal cavity to the vaginal epithelial surface, but we have thus far failed to find the antibodies in vaginal lavage fluids. We are currently considering the possibility that the antibodies are found in subsurface locations within the vaginal epithelium.
The role of antibodies in host defense against fungal diseases is worth further investigation (7). Strong evidence for protective antibodies against cryptococcosis has been demonstrated (29), and a role for antibodies against blastomycosis has been suggested (23). The important point related to our work is that the presence of Candida-specific antibodies in the sera or on the vaginal epithelium of patients with candidiasis does not imply that antibodies are not protective. Indeed, as others have found with experimental cryptococcosis (10, 28, 43), the most important considerations may be the titer of the appropriate specific antibody and the antibody isotype.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
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Special thanks go to Sandra Morrison for performing the C. trachomatis studies. We deeply appreciate the gifts of control MAbs from Seth Pincus (MAb S9) and from Jim Burritt and Al Jesaitis (MAb 54.1).
This work was supported by individual (RO1) and program project (PO1) grants from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (to M.P.M., RO1 AI 38991; to J.E.C., RO1 AI24912 and PO1 AI37194).
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FOOTNOTES |
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* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Montana State University, Department of Microbiology, Lewis Hall 109, P.O. Box 173520, Bozeman, MT 59717-3520. Phone: (406) 994-2373. Fax: (406) 994-4926. E-mail: umbjc{at}montana.edu.
Editor: T. R. Kozel
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Materials & Methods
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Discussion
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Infection and Immunity, December 1998, p. 5771-5776, Vol. 66, No. 12
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