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Infection and Immunity, November 2002, p. 6509-6511, Vol. 70, No. 11
0019-9567/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/IAI.70.11.6509-6511.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

LETTER TO THE EDITOR

ESAT-6 and CFP-10: What Is the Diagnosis?


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In a recent issue of Infection and Immunity, Geluk and coworkers (7) reported the observation that human T cells from both Mycobacterium leprae- and Mycobacterium tuberculosis-sensitized individuals recognize the M. leprae ESAT-6 orthologue. This has prompted us to comment on the potential use of these antigens as diagnostic markers, as well as to comment on the use of the misnomer "M. tuberculosis specific" when referring to these antigens.

The use of the designation "M. tuberculosis specific" has grown steadily over the last few years as the number of studies on the potential use of ESAT-6 and CFP-10 as diagnostic markers for M. tuberculosis infection has increased. Contrary to common belief (e.g., see references 1 to 3, 6, and 12), the secreted M. tuberculosis ESAT-6 and CFP-10 T-cell antigens are not M. tuberculosis specific (8). Despite earlier evidence to the contrary (9), orthologues of ESAT-6 and CFP-10 are present in the genomes of M. leprae and even the distantly related, nonpathogenic, fast-growing, environmental mycobacterium M. smegmatis (8). This is further supported by results dating back to 1995, which showed that the genes for these proteins are also present in other pathogenic mycobacteria (M. africanum, M. kansasii, M. marinum, and M. szulgai [9, 14] and M. bovis [9]) as well as the slow-growing nonpathogenic mycobacterium M. gastri (5) and the fast-growing nonpathogenic environmental species M. flavescens (9).

This raises a question concerning the potential use of these antigens as diagnostic markers. We have previously suggested that the presence of orthologues of ESAT-6 in other mycobacterial species may influence the use of ESAT-6 as a diagnostic marker for M. tuberculosis infection (8). The results presented by Geluk and coworkers (7) that show significant cross-reactivity between the M. tuberculosis ESAT-6 and its orthologue from M. leprae support our viewpoint. The investigators came to the conclusion that this significant cross-reactivity indicates low specificity and has implications for its use as a diagnostic tool in areas where both tuberculosis and leprosy are endemic.

The similarities between the M. tuberculosis ESAT-6 and CFP-10 proteins and their orthologues in M. smegmatis are 80 and 71%, respectively (Fig. 1), whereas M. leprae ESAT-6 shares a much lower amino acid sequence similarity with M. tuberculosis ESAT-6 of around 63%. Therefore, it is likely that these proteins also share epitopes that may result in cross-reactive T-cell responses. Furthermore, given the evolutionary history of the mycobacteria (13) and the presence of ESAT-6 and CFP-10 in M. smegmatis and other mycobacterial species, it is plausible that these genes would be present in the genomes of most other environmental mycobacteria. The homology between ESAT-6 and CFP-10 of the many environmental mycobacterial strains phylogenetically more closely related to M. tuberculosis may even be higher than that between the antigens of M. tuberculosis and M. smegmatis (Fig. 1). We believe that there is an urgent need to study the extent of amino acid sequence similarity between the ESAT-6 and CFP-10 proteins of different pathogenic and nonpathogenic environmental mycobacteria, as well as the influence of secreted ESAT-6 and CFP-10 from environmental mycobacteria on the T-cell responses from M. tuberculosis-infected individuals. Gamma interferon production in response to ESAT-6 and CFP-10 from environmental mycobacteria by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from infected patients has, to our knowledge, not been studied. This is surprising, given the fact that numerous studies have already been done on the use of these antigens as diagnostic tools (see, for example, references 1 to 3 and 12). Results are still needed which indicate that the host cellular immune response is able to distinguish between the ESAT-6 and CFP-10 proteins secreted from either environmental mycobacteria or M. tuberculosis.



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  		FIG. 1. Alignment of the protein sequences of the ESAT-6 and CFP-10 orthologues from M. tuberculosis (M. tb.) and M. smegmatis (M. smeg.). Although studies have indicated the presence of multiple T-cell epitopes scattered throughout the ESAT-6 protein sequence (10, 11, 15), the positions of predominantly recognized epitopes are underlined (4, 10, 11, 12, 15). Asterisks indicate identical amino acid residues; colons and dots indicate conserved and semiconserved substitutions, respectively, according to their physiochemical criteria. aa, amino acid.

 
It is possible that the promising results obtained with ESAT-6 and CFP-10 in industrialized countries may be of less benefit to people living in developing countries where environmental mycobacteria are present in large amounts and where the real need for these tests lies.


   REFERENCES
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1. Arend, S. M., A. Geluk, K. E. van Meijgaarden, J. T. van Dissel, M. Theisen, P. Andersen, and T. H. Ottenhoff. 2000. Antigenic equivalence of human T-cell responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific RD1-encoded protein antigens ESAT-6 and culture filtrate protein 10 and to mixtures of synthetic peptides. Infect. Immun. 68:3314-3321.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
2. Arend, S. M., A. C. Engelhard, G. Groot, K. de Boer, P. Andersen, T. H. Ottenhoff, and J. T. van Dissel. 2001. Tuberculin skin testing compared with T-cell responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific and nonspecific antigens for detection of latent infection in persons with recent tuberculosis contact. Clin. Diagn. Lab Immunol. 8:1089-1096.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
3. Arend, S. M., T. H. Ottenhoff, P. Andersen, and J. T. van Dissel. 2001. Uncommon presentations of tuberculosis: the potential value of a novel diagnostic assay based on the Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific antigens ESAT-6 and CFP-10. Int. J. Tuber. Lung Dis. 5:680-686.
4. Brandt, L., T. Oettinger, A. Holm, A. B. Andersen, and P. Andersen. 1996. Key epitopes on the ESAT-6 antigen recognized in mice during the recall of protective immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Immunol. 157:3527-3533.[Abstract]
5. Colangeli, R., J. S. Spencer, P. Bifani, A. Williams, K. Lyashchenko, M. A. Keen, P. J. Hill, J. Belisle, and M. L. Gennaro. 2000. MTSA-10, the product of the Rv3874 gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, elicits tuberculosis-specific, delayed-type hypersensitivity in guinea pigs. Infect. Immun. 68:990-993.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
6. Doherty, T. M., A. Demissie, J. Olobo, D. Wolday, S. Britton, T. Eguale, P. Ravn, and P. Andersen. 2002. Immune responses to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific antigen ESAT-6 signal subclinical infection among contacts of tuberculosis patients. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40:704-706.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
7. Geluk, A., K. E. van Meijgaarden, K. L. M. C. Franken, Y. W. Subronto, B. Wieles, S. M. Arend, E. P. Sampaio, T. de Boer, W. R. Faber, B. Naafs, and T. H. M. Ottenhoff. 2002. Identification and characterization of the ESAT-6 homologue of Mycobacterium leprae and T-cell cross-reactivity with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect. Immun. 70:2544-2548.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
8. Gey van Pittius, N. C., J. Gamieldien, W. Hide, G. D. Brown, R. J. Siezen, and A. D. Beyers. 2001. The ESAT-6 gene cluster of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other high G+C Gram-positive bacteria. Genome Biol. 2:44.1-44.18.
9. Harboe, M., T. Oettinger, H. G. Wiker, I. Rosenkrands, and P. Andersen. 1996. Evidence for occurrence of the ESAT-6 protein in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and virulent Mycobacterium bovis and for its absence in Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Infect. Immun. 64:16-22.[Abstract]
10. Lalvani, A., P. Nagvenkar, Z. Udwadia, A. A. Pathan, K. A. Wilkinson, J. S. Shastri, K. Ewer, A. V. Hill, A. Mehta, and C. Rodrigues. 2001. Enumeration of T cells specific for RD1-encoded antigens suggests a high prevalence of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in healthy urban Indians. J. Infect. Dis. 183: 469-477.[CrossRef][Medline]
11. Mustafa, A. S., F. Oftung, H. A. Amoudy, N. M. Madi, A. T. Abal, F. Shaban, I. Rosenkrands, and P. Andersen. 2000. Multiple epitopes from the Mycobacterium tuberculosis ESAT-6 antigen are recognized by antigen-specific human T cell lines. Clin. Infect. Dis. 30(Suppl. 3):S201-S205.
12. Ravn, P., A. Demissie, T. Eguale, H. Wondwosson, D. Lein, H. A. Amoudy, A. S. Mustafa, A. K. Jensen, A. Holm, I. Rosenkrands, F. Oftung, J. Olobo, F. von Reyn, and P. Andersen. 1999. Human T cell responses to the ESAT-6 antigen from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Infect. Dis. 179: 637-645.[CrossRef][Medline]
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15. Ulrichs, T., M. E. Munk, H. Mollenkopf, S. Behr-Perst, R. Colangeli, M. L. Gennaro, and S. H. Kaufmann. 1998. Differential T cell responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis ESAT6 in tuberculosis patients and healthy donors. Eur. J. Immunol. 28:3949-3958.[CrossRef][Medline]
Nico C. Gey van Pittius*
Robin M. Warren
Paul D. van Helden
US/MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa

* Phone: 27-21-938-9402 Fax: 27-21-938-9476 E-mail: ngvp{at}sun.ac.za

Infection and Immunity, November 2002, p. 6509-6511, Vol. 70, No. 11
0019-9567/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/IAI.70.11.6509-6511.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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