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Infection and Immunity, November 2003, p. 6627-6632, Vol. 71, No. 11
0019-9567/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/IAI.71.11.6627-6632.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Simultaneous Variation of the Immunodominant Outer Membrane Proteins, MSP2 and MSP3, during Anaplasma marginale Persistence In Vivo

Kelly A. Brayton,1* Patrick F. M. Meeus,2 Anthony F. Barbet,2 and Guy H. Palmer1

Program in Vector Borne Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-7040,1 Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-08802

Received 28 March 2003/ Returned for modification 18 June 2003/ Accepted 11 August 2003


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ABSTRACT
 
Vector-borne bacterial pathogens persist in the mammalian host by varying surface antigens to evade the existing immune response. To test whether the model of surface coat switching and immune evasion can be extended to a vector-borne bacterial pathogen with multiple immunodominant surface proteins, we examined Anaplasma marginale, a rickettsia with two highly immunogenic outer membrane proteins, major surface protein 2 (MSP2) and MSP3. The simultaneous clearance of variants of the two most immunodominant surface proteins of A. marginale followed by emergence of unique variants indicates that the switch rates and immune selection for MSP2 and MSP3 are sufficiently similar to explain the cyclic bacteremia observed during infection in the immunocompetent host.


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TEXT
 
Transmission of vector-borne animal pathogens relies on the ability of the pathogen to persist in the immunocompetent host. This persistence is achieved by varying the immunodominant surface protein(s) which allows for evasion of the variant-specific immune response (reviewed in references 4, 5, 9, 20, and 24). In perhaps the best understood example, the African trypanosome, there is a single surface coat protein, the variable surface glycoprotein (VSG) (4). For most vector-borne pathogens, such as Plasmodium falciparum, and bacteria in the genera Anaplasma, Borrelia, and Ehrlichia, there are multiple immunodominant outer membrane proteins (1, 13, 15, 17, 21, 23, 25). In the case of P. falciparum, these genes (e.g., var and rif) are expressed on the surface of the host erythrocyte (13, 23); however, most bacterial pathogens express the immunodominant proteins on the bacterial surface (1, 15, 17, 21, 25). This key difference between organisms with a single immunodominant surface protein and those with multiple immunodominant surface proteins represents a major gap in our knowledge regarding mechanisms of persistence for vector-borne bacterial pathogens—does simultaneous variation in multiple immunodominant outer membrane proteins occur during infection of an immunocompetent host?

To test whether the trypanosome model of surface coat switching and immune evasion can be extended to a vector-borne bacterial pathogen with multiple immunodominant surface proteins, we examined Anaplasma marginale, a rickettsia with two highly immunogenic outer membrane proteins, major surface protein 2 (MSP2) and MSP3. A. marginale is a tick-transmitted pathogen of domestic and wild ruminants that causes severe anemia during acute infection (14). Phenotypically similar to African trypanosomiasis, A. marginale infection is characterized by recurring cycles of bacteremia in which organisms replicate to a peak of >=106/ml and are then controlled by a variant-specific immune response (10-12). MSP2, an ~44-kDa outer membrane protein, undergoes variation in the central hypervariable region (HVR) such that antibody present at the first bacteremic peak will not recognize new emergent variants at subsequent peaks (11); thus, MSP2 is a key component in evasion of the host immune response (reviewed in reference 19). Importantly, the predominant antibody response to A. marginale is directed not only at MSP2 but also at a second highly variable protein of 65 to 80 kDa, MSP3 (1). These two immunodominant surface proteins are encoded by separate multigene families, each composed of seven to nine pseudogenes and a single expression site (2, 6, 16, 18). These two gene families belong to a superfamily of related genes, but the total sequence identity between MSP2 and MSP3 is low, on average ~35%, with the exact percent identity dependent on which variants are used for comparison. Although the msp2 and msp3 gene families share a common mechanism to generate variation in the MSP2 and MSP3 proteins, employing gene conversion using all or part of the central HVRs of donor pseudogenes, the two expression loci are physically separated by more than 60 kb in the genome. We hypothesized, based on the trypanosome model of antigenic variation, that the frequency of recombination and host immune selection for these two independent surface protein gene families was sufficient to allow the emergence of MSP2 and MSP3 escape variants in an immunocompetent animal. This hypothesis was tested by quantitative analysis of expressed variants in two sequential bacteremic peaks in vivo.

The South Idaho strain of A. marginale undergoes a restriction during replication and development within the tick, such that only two MSP2 variants are subsequently transmitted to the next calf (22), creating a semiclonal starting point for analysis of new variation. Laboratory-reared adult male ticks of the Reynolds Creek stock of Dermacentor andersoni were allowed to feed on calf 855, which was persistently infected with the South Idaho strain of A. marginale (7), and this infection was subsequently transmitted to calf 894 by allowing infected D. andersoni ticks to feed on this calf for a period of 7 days. Blood samples were collected daily after tick exposure, and the A. marginale infection in calf 894 was quantitated as the percentage of infected erythrocytes (Fig. 1). Infected blood was washed three times in phosphate-buffered saline with removal of the buffy coat at each wash, and the PureGene kit (Gentra Systems) was used to extract genomic DNA from infected erythrocytes. DNA from bacteremic peak 1 (day 21 postinfection) and bacteremic peak 2 (day 28 postinfection) was used to examine changes in the msp2 and msp3 expression sites.



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  		FIG. 1. Bacteremic peaks 1 and 2. The plot illustrates two peaks of A. marginale bacteremia with clearance between the two peaks. Percent parasitized erythrocytes (PPE) is shown on the y axis.

We identified expressed MSP2 and MSP3 variants during these two successive bacteremic peaks by amplifying the expression site genes using PCR Master (Roche), cloning them into the pCR-4-TA-TOPO cloning system (Invitrogen), and sequencing them. The primers used to amplify the msp2 expression site have been described previously (6) (msp2 forward primer [5' TCC TAC CAA GCG TCT TTT CCC C 3'] and msp2 reverse primer [5' TTA CCA CCG ATA CCA GCA CAA 3']), and the positions of the primers are shown in Fig. 2. It is important to note that these primers will not detect msp2 pseudogenes, and all sequences in the resulting PCR fragments will correspond to an expressed msp2 gene. PCR conditions were as follows: (i) denaturation for 5 min at 95°C; (ii) 30 cycles, with 1 cycle consisting of 15 s at 94°C, 30 s at 55°C, and 30 s at 72°C. PCR was done using PCR master mix (Roche). The msp3 expression site was obtained by seminested amplification, as the cloning efficiency of the large primary amplification product (~4 kb) was poor. The expression site was specifically targeted by using primer AB973 (5' CAG CTT GCA CAC TGG AGG CTA TAG GAC AAG TTA CA 3'), a unique sequence 5' to the expressed msp3 gene, and primer msp3 3' con (5' GCA TCC AAG TTA TTA ATA TCC CTA G 3'), which sits in the 3' msp3-specific conserved region of the expressed msp3 gene. For secondary PCR, primer msp3 5' con (5' CTA CAA CAT GAA CTA GCA AAG C 3'), which sits in the 5' msp3-specific conserved region was used with the msp3 3' con primer (Fig. 2B) (16). PCR conditions for primary PCR of msp3 were as follows: (i) denaturation for 5 min at 95°C; (ii) 30 cycles, with 1 cycle consisting of 15 s at 94°C, 10 s at 56°C, and 4 min at 72°C. PCR was done using PCR master mix (Roche). Seminested PCR was performed in an identical manner, except that the extension time was shortened to 1.5 min. Sequences were compiled, analyzed, and aligned using the Vector NTI Suite (InforMax, North Bethesda, Md.). From bacteremic peak 1, 28 msp2 and 23 msp3 sequences were analyzed; from bacteremic peak 2, 29 msp2 and 19 msp3 sequences were analyzed (Fig. 3) (GenBank accession numbers AF540565 to AF540593).



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  		FIG. 2. Schematic representations of the msp2 and msp3 expression sites. (A) The msp2 expression site contains four open reading frames with msp2 at the 3' end (3). Primers used to clone msp2 are shown: msp2 forward (msp2 for) sits in opag1 and is specific for the single-copy operon; msp2 reverse (msp2 rev) sits in the 3' conserved region of msp2. (B) The msp3 expression site contains three open reading frames. Primers used to clone msp3 are shown: AB973 is a unique sequence tag 5' to the open reading frames; msp3 3' con and msp3 5' con sit in the msp3-specific conserved regions flanking the hypervariable region. Msp2 sequences (black bars), msp3 sequences (white bars), hypervariable regions (HV) (dark gray bars), and operon-associated genes (light grey bars) are shown.




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  		FIG. 3. Expression site sequences for msp2 and msp3. (A) Amino acid sequences deduced from the msp2 genes found at bacteremic peaks 1 and 2. (B) Amino acid sequences deduced from the msp3 genes found at bacteremic peaks 1 (first sequence) and 2. All sequences are truncated to show the HVRs only. Regions corresponding to oligonucleotide probes are underlined (msp2 peak 1 and 2; msp3 peak 2) or overlined (msp3 peak 1). Numbers above the sequence correspond to the amino acid positions relative to those of pCKR11.2 (18) for msp2 and msp3E-SM16D3 for msp3 (16). Clone designations begin with 1 or 2 to indicate that the clone was obtained from bacteremic peak 1 or 2, respectively. The numbers in parentheses indicate the number of sequences obtained for each variant. Sequence conservation in the different clones is indicated by white type on black background. Gaps introduced to maximize alignment are indicated by dashes.

From bacteremic peak 1, four variants of msp2 were obtained which were identical in the 5' part of the HVR, a position that has been previously described as the block 1 region of the HVR (7, 8). The particular block 1 marker sequence present in these clones is named NAV, and the region corresponding to the msp2 NAV oligonucleotide probe is underlined in Fig. 3A. There was only a single variant (1-23 in Fig. 3B) of msp3 detected in bacteremic peak 1. From bacteremic peak 2, 7 days later, 9 msp2 and 15 msp3 variants were obtained (Fig. 3). None of the sequences obtained from bacteremic peak 2 were identical to the sequences obtained from bacteremic peak 1 for either gene. Two different block 1 marker sequences were present for msp2 at bacteremic peak 2, TTV and NAI; however, the block 1 marker TTV was the dominant sequence in the population and was present in 86% (25 of 29) of the sequenced clones (Fig. 3A). Sequence similarity analysis showed that variants within a gene family found in a bacteremic peak were related but that variants found in different bacteremic peaks showed a lower degree of similarity to each other, attributable to the segmental gene conversion mechanism described for both gene families (7, 16). For example, expression site clone 2-311C from peak 2 corresponds to the previously reported TTV pseudogene (GenBank accession no. AF402279). Subsequent to recombination of this pseudogene into the expression site, this sequence has undergone two short sequential changes to give rise to the predominant MSP2 variant for this time point, represented by clone 2-10E (Fig. 3A). This sequence (2-10E) then served as a template for two further independent recombination events to produce the expression site clones 2-8D and 2-8E. Consequently, 2-311C, 2-10E, 2-8D, and 2-8E are closely related compared to the variants from bacteremic peak 1.

Sequencing of msp2 and msp3 clones provided an initial assessment of the variants present in each bacteremia peak and demonstrated a difference in the variants present in different peaks. To quantify the types of variants present at each time point, a cloning reaction mixture of PCR-amplified fragments of each gene at each peak was plated on nylon filters and screened with digoxigenin (DIG)-labeled oligonucleotide probes for the most prevalent variant as determined by sequencing. Screening oligonucleotides were designed that were specific for the block 1 position of the msp2 HVR and are shown underlined in the corresponding amino acid sequence in Fig. 3A (msp2 NAV, 5' DIG-GGG GTA ATG CAG TAG AGA ATG CTA CTA AT 3'; msp2 TTV, 5' DIG-GGG GTA CTA CTG TAG AAG CTG CTA CTA AT 3'). Based on the sequencing results, msp2 NAV would be expected to identify 100% of the variants present in bacteremic peak 1, and msp2 TTV would be expected to identify 86% of the variants present in bacteremic peak 2. Finally, all msp2-containing clones were identified using a pan-msp2 probe corresponding to bp 2 to 335. This hybridization identifies the total number of msp2-containing clones in the experiment. The msp3 HVR is less well characterized than the msp2 HVR, and as such, specific blocks of variation have not been identified. However, the msp3 sequence present in bacteremic peak 1 was substantially different from any sequence found in bacteremic peak 2, and the specific oligonucleotide designed for screening is shown overlined in the corresponding amino acid sequence in Fig. 3B and is designated msp3 711 (5' DIG-CTG GGA TTG GAA AGA CTG G 3'). An oligonucleotide was designed, based on the sequence results, to detect 100% of the msp3 variants found in peak 2, and it hybridizes to at least two regions of the HVR. These regions of the HVR are shown underlined in the corresponding amino acid sequence in Fig. 3B. This oligonucleotide is designated msp3 718 (5' DIG-CTA GAG GAA CTA GCT GCA ATA AG 3').

Between 619 and 1,449 CFU from each bacteremic peak for each gene were screened by colony hybridization with DIG-labeled oligonucleotides specific for the dominant HVR sequences found at each bacteremic peak. Filters were hybridized at 48°C in a solution containing 5x SSC (1x SSC is 0.15 M NaCl plus 0.015 M sodium citrate), 1% blocking reagent (Roche), 0.1% N-lauroylsarcosine, 0.02% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 0.1 mg of poly(A) per ml, and 40 pmol of DIG-labeled oligonucleotide per ml. Filters were washed twice in 2x SSC-0.1% SDS and twice in 0.2x SSC-0.1% SDS; each wash was for 5 min and at 48°C. Signal was detected according to the manufacturer's directions (Roche). Colonies hybridizing with each probe were counted and divided by the total number of msp2- or msp3-containing colonies for each bacteremic peak. In the case of msp2, the total number of msp2-containing clones was identified using the pan-msp2 probe. Hybridization results of gene-specific clones from each peak show that the predominant msp2 or msp3 variant at peak 1 as determined by sequence analysis was found at levels >90% when a larger population survey is done. Importantly, these variants were found in peak 2 at levels of less than 5% (Table 1), indicating rapid clearance of these variants. Conversely, the predominant variant for each gene found at peak 2 was present at very low levels or absent at peak 1 (Table 1), indicating their rapid emergence under immune selection. As predicted from the sequence analysis, msp2 TTV was present in only ~84% of the clones found at peak 2. This smaller proportion of clones bearing the TTV marker was due to the presence of two block 1 marker sequences (TTV and NAI) at peak 2. Although we measured only the more prevalent TTV marker sequence, the second NAI marker sequence found in this peak was also distinct from the NAV marker sequence found in clones at peak 1.


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  		TABLE 1. Quantification of msp2 and msp3 variants in sequential bacteremic peaks

The results demonstrate a dramatic simultaneous shift in the expressed variants for both msp2 and msp3 within 7 days, with the dominant variant essentially disappearing to be replaced by new variants. As seen in Fig. 1, the population of A. marginale at bacteremic peak 1 was controlled, as the organisms expressing distinct msp2 and msp3 variants were cleared. The organisms that evaded the immune response survived and replicated within a few days to create the next bacteremic peak and were expressing new variants for both msp2 and msp3. The simultaneous clearance of variants for the two most immunodominant surface proteins of A. marginale, followed by the emergence of unique variants, indicates that the switch rates and immune selection for MSP2 and MSP3 are sufficiently similar to explain the waves of bacteremia observed during infection in the immunocompetent host. The absence of conservation between the HVRs of MSP2 and MSP3 means that immune selection acts independently on the variants of each surface protein and is consistent with the ability of the immune system to generate neutralizing antibody against two separate antigens simultaneously. The switching itself may result from independent recombination events for each gene, or there may be a specific mechanism to coordinate recombination for both genes. The former explanation appears most likely, as four msp2 variants were obtained in peak 1 when only a single variant of msp3 was obtained, indicating that variation is not linked such that each recombination event in msp2 is coupled to a recombination event in msp3. In addition, the physical separation of the two expression site loci within the genome excludes coordinated cis regulation. However, the possibility of coordinated trans regulation cannot be excluded and may be controlled through the pseudogene complex, which contains a msp2 and msp3 pseudogene in a paired tail-to-tail arrangement flanked by a 600-bp repeat (6). If this mechanism were operative, recombination of a msp2 pseudogene from a particular pseudogene complex into the msp2 expression site would be accompanied by recombination of the msp3 pseudogene from the same complex into the msp3 expression site.

In summary, these findings support the applicability of the single immunodominant surface protein model of antigenic variation to bacteria with a more complex surface coat composed of multiple highly immunogenic outer membrane proteins. The conserved features are a constant rate of switching of the surface antigens combined with strong immune selective pressure (4, 5, 9, 24). Organisms expressing variant surface antigens, the single VSG for trypanosomes or both MSP2 and MSP3 for Anaplasma, survive to create the next bloom or peak of infection until that variant is recognized and controlled by the immune response—a pattern and mechanism remarkably similar among vector-borne eukaryotic and prokaryotic pathogens.


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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
We thank Carla Robertson, Pete Hetrick, and Ralph Horn for excellent technical assistance.

This work was supported in part by NIH grants RO1 AI45580 and RO1 AI44005 and USDA-ARS-CRIS 5348-32000-012-00D and USDA-SCA 58-5348-8-044.

Editor: J. M. Mansfield


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FOOTNOTES
 
* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Program in Vector Borne Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040. Phone: (509) 335-6340. Fax: (509) 335-8529. E-mail: kbrayton{at}vetmed.wsu.edu. Back


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Infection and Immunity, November 2003, p. 6627-6632, Vol. 71, No. 11
0019-9567/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/IAI.71.11.6627-6632.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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  • Abbott, J. R., Palmer, G. H., Howard, C. J., Hope, J. C., Brown, W. C. (2004). Anaplasma marginale Major Surface Protein 2 CD4+-T-Cell Epitopes Are Evenly Distributed in Conserved and Hypervariable Regions (HVR), Whereas Linear B-Cell Epitopes Are Predominantly Located in the HVR. Infect. Immun. 72: 7360-7366 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Lin, Q., Rikihisa, Y., Felek, S., Wang, X., Massung, R. F., Woldehiwet, Z. (2004). Anaplasma phagocytophilum Has a Functional msp2 Gene That Is Distinct from p44. Infect. Immun. 72: 3883-3889 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
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