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Infection and Immunity, March 2007, p. 1537-1539, Vol. 75, No. 3
0019-9567/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/IAI.01938-06
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Role of Unsaturated Fatty Acid Biosynthesis in Virulence of Streptococcus mutans{triangledown}

Elizabeth M. Fozo,1,{dagger} Kathy Scott-Anne,2 Hyun Koo,2,3 and Robert G. Quivey Jr.1,2*

Department of Microbiology and Immunology,1 Center for Oral Biology, Aab Institute for Biomedical Sciences,2 Eastman Dental Center, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 146423

Received 8 December 2006/ Accepted 20 December 2006


   ABSTRACT
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An insertionally inactivated fabM strain of Streptococcus mutans does not produce unsaturated membrane fatty acids and is acid sensitive (E. M. Fozo and R. G. Quivey, Jr., J. Bacteriol. 186:4152-4158, 2004). In this study, the strain was shown to be poorly transmissible from host to host. Animals directly infected with the fabM strain exhibited fewer and less severe carious lesions than those observed in the wild-type strain.


   TEXT
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Streptococcus mutans, a major etiologic agent of dental caries in humans, produces organic acids during fermentation and must survive the resulting acidic milieu. One result of decreasing environmental pH is an increase in the proportion of monounsaturated membrane fatty acids (UFAs) (4, 9). We have shown, via insertional inactivation of fabM in S. mutans, that the gene is solely responsible for unsaturated fatty acid production (3). Moreover, the fabM mutant strain exhibited several markedly acid-sensitive attributes that differed from the wild type, S. mutans UA159: it was approximately 3.5 log units more sensitive to extreme acid stress, it produced approximately 1.5 log units less acid, and it was able to maintain approximately half of the transmembrane {Delta}pH (3). In addition, the construct was highly stable for at least 20 generations in our chemostats (data not shown). The ability to survive low-pH conditions is thought to be critical for S. mutans to persist in the oral cavity and cause disease. The availability of a defined strain, defective in unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis and acid resistance, provided an opportunity to investigate whether acid sensitivity influences transmissibility from host to host and pathogenesis in a rodent model of dental caries (1, 7).

Transmission of a fabM strain (UR117StR) was measured by the ability of the organism to pass from dams to pups and from infected cage mate to uninfected cage mate as outlined in Fig. 1. For the transmission experiment, eight litters of Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 15 days, and their dams were obtained from Harlan Laboratories. Dams were determined to be mutans streptococci free and sialoacroadenitis virus free by previously described methods (1, 8). Mid-logarithmic cultures of either wild-type UA159StR (2) or UR117StR, a spontaneous streptomycin-resistant strain of UR117, were used to infect two dams on three consecutive days, while the remaining dams were uninfected. It should be noted here that while the streptomycin resistance genotype of the two test strains may not be identical, growth of the UR117StR strain was virtually identical to that of the UR117 strain in vitro and that streptomycin resistance has not previously been shown to affect results from rodent infection studies (2, 11, 12). In the present study, in all cases, infected animals received Diet-2000 (5) and drinking water containing 5% (wt/vol) sucrose ad libitum; uninfected animals were fed lab chow and water ad libitum. On day 6, pups (aged 21 days) associated with infected dams were screened for successful infection of either strain by oral swabbing and plating on mitis-salivarius medium (Difco) containing 500 µg/ml streptomycin (MSS). None of the pups caged with infected dams became infected by day 6 (Table 1).


Figure 1
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  		FIG. 1. Transmission experiment outline. SDV, sialoacroadenitis virus.

 

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  		TABLE 1. Transmission of S. mutans strains UA159StR and UR117StR from infected to uninfected cage matesa

 
After we determined that the pups had not become infected with detectable numbers of bacteria (group I and group II animals [Fig. 1]), the animals were directly infected by oral swabbing with UA159StR or UR117StR, respectively. Following oral swabbing, all pups became infected by experimental day 8 (data not shown), demonstrating that both strains, UA159StR and UR117StR, were capable of productive infection. The infected pups from both groups were paired with uninfected cage mates on experimental day 10. We observed that within 1 day of being paired with pups infected with the wild type, UA159StR, 6 out of 16 recipient pups had become infected (Table 1). By day 17, all of the recipients had become infected with the wild-type strain (group IV). In contrast, only four of the uninfected recipient pups became infected with the fabM defective strain (UR117StR; group V).

The experiment was concluded on experimental day 19, at which time the rat pups were aged 34 days. The average number of bacteria recovered from wild-type donors, expressed as CFU/ml of jaw sonicate, was higher than that determined for mutant strain donors (Table 2). The average recovered CFU from the 16 recipient animals successfully infected with strain UA159StR was approximately 3 log units higher than the average recovered CFU from the four animals that had detectable infection by strain UR117StR (Table 2).


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  		TABLE 2. Recovery of strains UA159StR and UR117StR from pups on day 19a

 
A separate caries study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that the fabM mutant strain, UR117StR, would be less cariogenic than the wild-type strain, UA159StR. Four litters of pups, aged 15 days, and their dams were obtained from Harlan Laboratories. Dams were screened as in the transmission study. Two dams were infected with actively growing UA159StR or with UR117StR on days 1 and 2 (pups were aged 16 and 17 days), and infection was confirmed by oral swabbing. On day 6 (pups aged 21 days), the pups were weaned and infected with either UA159StR or UR117StR (based on their initial exposure) for two consecutive days. Infection was confirmed via oral swabbing. Rats were fed Diet-2000 and water containing 5% sucrose (wt/vol) ad libitum for 5 weeks. Animals were killed by CO2 asphyxiation, and bacterial counts were determined from lower left jaw sonicates. Similar to what was observed in the transmission experiment, the average CFU recovered was significantly higher in animals infected with UA159StR (3.1 x 108 ± 1.2 x 108) than in those infected with UR117StR (7.7 x 107 ± 4.0 x 107) as determined by Student's t test (P < 0.01).

Caries were scored by the method of Keyes (5) as modified by Larson (6), and data were evaluated following arcsine transformation (10). Animals infected with strain UR117StR experienced far fewer smooth-surface carious lesions than animals infected with UA159StR. As the severity index increased (from slight to moderate to extensive), the severity score was approximately 90% reduced in animals infected with the fabM deficient strain (Table 3). The smooth-surface caries scores in animals infected with UR117StR were striking, in that they were even lower than the scores reported previously from experiments involving the well-established virulence factor encoded by gtfB (12).


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  		TABLE 3. Incidence and severity of dental caries in rats infected with S. mutans UA159StR (wild type) and S. mutans UR117StR ({Delta}fabM)a

 
Typically, sulcal caries scores do not as readily reveal strong differences between infecting strains because the bacteria compact into the fissures of teeth. Nevertheless, we recorded sulcal caries scores from the animals infected with the wild-type or fabM mutant strains. Not surprisingly, the differences were not as pronounced as those seen with smooth-surface caries. However, the sulcal scores were significantly different (at the P < 0.05 level), when the severity of the lesions was taken into account (from moderate to extensive severity [Table 3]).

From these studies, it is clear that membrane fatty acid composition plays a significant role in the acid resistance phenotype of S. mutans and has a significant role in the virulence of the organism. We attribute the differences in infectivity and caries-forming ability of the wild-type and fabM strains to the inability of the mutant to produce monounsaturated membrane fatty acids. Our previous reports provided strong physiological evidence that production of UFAs, during growth at low pH, directly impacts the ability of the organism to withstand acid stress. We have shown here that disrupting the ability of S. mutans to produce UFAs also leads to the inability of the organism to be transmitted from infected to uninfected animals, thereby not fulfilling a key component of Koch's postulates. Importantly, the severity of caries in animals infected with the fabM strain was clearly less than those infected with the wild-type strain. The results of this study provide a link between the ability of S. mutans to produce acid, survive acidic environments, and cause severe disease to a single gene product, FabM.


   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
We thank Sylvia Pearson and Jennifer Scantlin for assistance with the animals during this work. We thank Roberta Faustoferri for technical assistance and editorial comments. We also thank W. H. Bowen and R. E. Marquis for helpful discussion throughout.

This work was supported by grants from the NIH/NIDCR DE-017157 and DE-01627. E.M.F. was supported by the Rochester Training Program in Oral Infectious Diseases, NIH/NIDCR T32-DE07165.


   FOOTNOTES
 
* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Center for Oral Biology, Box 611, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642. Phone: (585) 275-0382. Fax: (585) 276-0190. E-mail: Robert_Quivey{at}urmc.rochester.edu. Back

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 12 January 2007. Back

Editor: V. J. DiRita

{dagger} Present address: National Institute for Child Health and Human Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. Back


   REFERENCES
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1. Bowen, W. H., K. M. Madison, and S. K. Pearson. 1988. Influence of desalivation in rats on incidence of caries in intact cagemates. J. Dent. Res. 67:1316-1318.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
2. Clancy, K. A., S. Pearson, W. H. Bowen, and R. A. Burne. 2000. Characterization of recombinant, ureolytic Streptococcus mutans demonstrates an inverse relationship between dental plaque ureolytic capacity and cariogenicity. Infect. Immun. 68:2621-2629.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
3. Fozo, E. M., and R. G. Quivey, Jr. 2004. The fabM gene product of Streptococcus mutans is responsible for the synthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids and is necessary for survival at low pH. J. Bacteriol. 186:4152-4158.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
4. Fozo, E. M., and R. G. Quivey, Jr. 2004. Shifts in the membrane fatty acid profile of Streptococcus mutans enhance survival in acidic environments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70:929-936.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
5. Keyes, P. H. 1958. Dental caries in the molar teeth of rats. I. Distribution of lesions induced by high carbohydrate, low-fat diets. J. Dent. Res. 37:1077-1087.[Free Full Text]
6. Larson, R. 1981. Merits and modifications of scoring rat dental caries by Keyes' method, p. 195-203. In J. Tanzer (ed.), Animal models in cariology. IRL Press, Washington, DC.
7. Madison, K. M., W. H. Bowen, S. K. Pearson, and J. L. Falany. 1990. Caries incidence in intact rats infected with Streptococcus sobrinus via transmission from desalivated cagemates. J. Dent. Res. 69:1154-1159.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
8. O'Connell, A. C., B. C. Van Wuyckhuyse, S. K. Pearson, and W. H. Bowen. 1993. The effect of propranolol on salivary gland function and dental caries development in young and aged rats. Arch. Oral Biol. 38:853-861.[CrossRef][Medline]
9. Quivey, R. G., Jr., R. Faustoferri, K. Monahan, and R. Marquis. 2000. Shifts in membrane fatty acid profiles associated with acid adaptation of Streptococcus mutans. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 189:89-92.[CrossRef][Medline]
10. Raubertas, R. F., B. A. Davis, W. H. Bowen, S. K. Pearson, and G. E. Watson. 1999. Litter effects on caries in rats and implications for experimental design. Caries Res. 33:164-169.[CrossRef][Medline]
11. Van Houte, J., V. N. Upeslacis, and S. Edelstein. 1977. Decreased oral colonization of Streptococcus mutans during aging of Sprague-Dawley rats. Infect. Immun. 16:203-212.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
12. Yamashita, Y., W. H. Bowen, R. A. Burne, and H. K. Kuramitsu. 1993. Role of the Streptococcus mutans gtf genes in caries induction in the specific-pathogen-free rat model. Infect. Immun. 61:3811-3817.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Infection and Immunity, March 2007, p. 1537-1539, Vol. 75, No. 3
0019-9567/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/IAI.01938-06
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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