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Infection and Immunity, November 1998, p. 5060-5066, Vol. 66, No. 11
0019-9567/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Helicobacter pylori Containing Only Cytoplasmic Urease Is Susceptible to Acid

Partha Krishnamurthy,1,2 Mary Parlow,2 Jason B. Zitzer,2 Nimish B. Vakil,3 Harry L. T. Mobley,4 Marilyn Levy,5 Suhas H. Phadnis,1,2 and Bruce E. Dunn1,2,*

Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin,1 Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center,2 and Gastroenterology Diagnostic Unit, University of Wisconsin Medical School---Milwaukee,3 Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland4; and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri5

Received 2 March 1998/Returned for modification 2 June 1998/Accepted 10 August 1998

Helicobacter pylori, an important etiologic agent in a variety of gastroduodenal diseases, produces large amounts of urease as an essential colonization factor. We have demonstrated previously that urease is located within the cytoplasm and on the surface of H. pylori both in vivo and in stationary-phase culture. The purpose of the present study was to assess the relative contributions of cytoplasmic and surface-localized urease to the ability of H. pylori to survive exposure to acid in the presence of urea. Toward this end, we compared the acid resistance in vitro of H. pylori cells which possessed only cytoplasmic urease to that of bacteria which possessed both cytoplasmic and surface-localized or extracellular urease. Bacteria with only cytoplasmic urease activity were generated by using freshly subcultured bacteria or by treating repeatedly subcultured H. pylori with flurofamide (1 µM), a potent, but poorly diffusible urease inhibitor. H. pylori with cytoplasmic and surface-located urease activity survived in an acid environment when 5 mM urea was present. In contrast, H. pylori with only cytoplasmic urease shows significantly reduced survival when exposed to acid in the presence of 5 mM urea. Similarly, Escherichia coli SE5000 expressing H. pylori urease and the Ni2+ transport protein NixA, which expresses cytoplasmic urease activity at levels similar to those in wild-type H. pylori, survived minimally when exposed to acid in the presence of 5 to 50 mM urea. We conclude that cytoplasmic urease activity alone is not sufficient (although cytoplasmic urease activity is likely to be necessary) to allow survival of H. pylori in acid; the activity of surface-localized urease is essential for resistance of H. pylori to acid under the assay conditions used. Therefore, the mechanism whereby urease becomes associated with the surface of H. pylori, which involves release of the enzyme from bacteria due to autolysis followed by adsorption of the enzyme to the surface of intact bacteria ("altruistic autolysis"), is essential for survival of H. pylori in an acid environment. The ability of H. pylori to survive exposure to low pH is likely to depend on a combination of both cytoplasmic and surface-associated urease activities.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Clement J. Zablocki VA Medical Center, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service (113), 5000 West National Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53295-1000. Phone: (414) 384-2000 (ext. 1285). Fax: (414) 382-5319. E-mail: Bruce.Dunn{at}med.va.gov.

Infection and Immunity, November 1998, p. 5060-5066, Vol. 66, No. 11
0019-9567/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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