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Infection and Immunity, November 1998, p. 5462-5469, Vol. 66, No. 11
0019-9567/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Effect of Clostridium difficile Toxin A on Human Colonic Lamina Propria Cells: Early Loss of Macrophages Followed by T-Cell Apoptosis

Y. R. Mahida,1,2,* A. Galvin,3 S. Makh,1,2 S. Hyde,2 L. Sanfilippo,1,2 S. P. Borriello,2 and H. F. Sewell3

Divisions of Gastroenterology1 and Immunology3 and Institute of Infections and Immunity,2 University Hospital, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom

Received 17 February 1998/Returned for modification 23 April 1998/Accepted 20 August 1998

We have previously shown that Clostridium difficile toxin A induces detachment of human colonic epithelial cells from the basement membrane and subsequent cell death by apoptosis. Because these cells require adhesion-dependent signalling from the extracellular matrix for survival, their detachment from the basement membrane by other means also induces apoptosis. The role of toxin A in the induction of apoptosis therefore remains to be determined. In addition, sensitivities to C. difficile toxin A of lamina propria lymphocytes, macrophages, and eosinophils, which lie below the surface epithelium, are not known. In contrast to epithelial cells, these lamina propria cells do not require adhesion-dependent signalling from the extracellular matrix for survival, and this may allow the mechanisms of toxin A-induced cell death to be further investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of purified C. difficile toxin A on human colonic lamina propria T cells, macrophages, and eosinophils. We show that C. difficile toxin A induces loss of viability in isolated colonic lamina propria cell preparations containing the three different cell types in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. Exposure to high concentrations of the toxin led to loss of macrophages within 72 h. T-lymphocyte and eosinophil cell death was prominent at later time points and occurred by apoptosis. Exposure to toxin A also induced the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha by the isolated colonic lamina propria cells. However, the presence of neutralizing antibodies to this cytokine did not influence C. difficile toxin A-induced T-cell apoptosis. Moreover, purified T cells also underwent apoptosis following exposure to toxin A, implying that apoptosis occurred as a consequence of a direct interaction between T cells and the toxin. Our studies suggest that C. difficile toxin A is capable of suppressing human colonic mucosal immune responses by inducing early loss of macrophages followed by T-cell apoptosis.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom. Phone: 44-115-970 9918. Fax: 44-115-942 2232. E-mail: muzyrm{at}mmn1.medical.nottingham.ac.uk.

Infection and Immunity, November 1998, p. 5462-5469, Vol. 66, No. 11
0019-9567/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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