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Infection and Immunity, March 1999, p. 1277-1286, Vol. 67, No. 3
0019-9567/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Complete Nucleotide Sequence of the 27-Kilobase Virulence Related Locus (vrl) of Dichelobacter nodosus: Evidence for Extrachromosomal Origin

Stephen J. Billington,dagger Andrea S. Huggins, Priscilla A. Johanesen, Paul K. Crellin,Dagger Jackie K. Cheung, Margaret E. Katz,§ Catherine L. Wright,parallel Volker Haring,# and Julian I. Rood*

Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia

Received 31 August 1998/Returned for modification 28 October 1998/Accepted 10 December 1998

The vrl locus is preferentially associated with virulent isolates of the ovine footrot pathogen, Dichelobacter nodosus. The complete nucleotide sequence of this 27.1-kb region has now been determined. The data reveal that the locus has a G+C content much higher than the rest of the D. nodosus chromosome and contains 22 open reading frames (ORFs) encoding products including a putative adenine-specific methylase, two potential DEAH ATP-dependent helicases, and two products with sequence similarity to a bacteriophage resistance system. These ORFs are all in the same orientation, and most are either overlapping or separated by only a few nucleotides, suggesting that they comprise an operon and are translationally coupled. Expression vector studies have led to the identification of proteins that correspond to many of these ORFs. These data, in combination with evidence of insertion of vrl into the 3' end of an ssrA gene, are consistent with the hypothesis that the vrl locus was derived from the insertion of a bacteriophage or plasmid into the D. nodosus genome.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia. Phone: 61 3 9905 4825. Fax: 61 3 9905 4811. E-mail: Julian.Rood{at}med.monash.edu.au.

dagger Present address: Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721.

Dagger Present address: Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom.

§ Present address: Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia.

parallel Present address: Victorian Institute of Animal Science, Attwood, Victoria 3059, Australia.

# Present address: CSIRO Division of Animal Health, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia.

Infection and Immunity, March 1999, p. 1277-1286, Vol. 67, No. 3
0019-9567/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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