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Infection and Immunity, May 2003, p. 2643-2655, Vol. 71, No. 5
0019-9567/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/IAI.71.5.2643-2655.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Gene Expression Profiling of Helicobacter pylori Reveals a Growth-Phase-Dependent Switch in Virulence Gene Expression

Lucinda J. Thompson,1* D. Scott Merrell,2 Brett A. Neilan,1,3 Hazel Mitchell,1 Adrian Lee,1 and Stanley Falkow2

School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences,1 The Clive and Vera Ramaciotti Centre for Gene Function and Analysis, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia,3 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California2

Received 17 June 2002/ Returned for modification 28 August 2002/ Accepted 15 January 2003

The global pattern of growth-phase-dependent gene expression of Helicobacter pylori during in vitro culture was analyzed by using a high-density DNA microarray. To detect consistent coordinated gene expression in this bacterium, temporal changes in transcription were assessed in two independent time courses. Cluster analysis of the expression profiles highlighted a major switch in gene expression during the late log-to-stationary phase transition that we have termed the Log-Stat switch. Statistical analysis of the genes that were significantly induced or repressed during the Log-Stat switch revealed that many of these genes were related to virulence. Among these, expression of the genes for the neutrophil activating protein (napA) and the major flagellin subunit (flaA) were significantly induced. Additionally, the expression of a number of genes involved in iron homeostasis changed dramatically at this switch; the gene for the iron-storage protein, pfr, was induced, while the genes for two putative iron uptake proteins, fecA and frpB, were significantly repressed. These data suggest that the late log phase may correspond to the most virulent phase of growth in H. pylori and may be intimately related to its pathogenesis. The use of microarrays to analyze the kinetics of the transcriptional response of a bacterial pathogen to a changing environment has enabled the discovery of previously unappreciated relationships between genes by elucidation of coordinated gene expression profiles.

* Corresponding author. Present address: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Fairchild Bldg. D035, Stanford, CA 94305-5124. Phone: (650) 725-7161. Fax: (650) 725-7282. E-mail: lucinda_thompson{at}stanford.edu.

Editor: B. B. Finlay

Infection and Immunity, May 2003, p. 2643-2655, Vol. 71, No. 5
0019-9567/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/IAI.71.5.2643-2655.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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