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Infection and Immunity, February 2005, p. 1116-1128, Vol. 73, No. 2
0019-9567/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/IAI.73.2.1116-1128.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Localized Multigene Expression Patterns Support an Evolving Th1/Th2-Like Paradigm in Response to Infections with Toxoplasma gondii and Ascaris suum

Harry D. Dawson,1 Ethiopia Beshah,2 Sandra Nishi,2,{dagger} Gloria Solano-Aguilar,1 Motoko Morimoto,3 Aiping Zhao,3 Kathleen B. Madden,4 Tonya K. Ledbetter,1 J. P. Dubey,2 Terez Shea-Donohue,1,3 Joan K. Lunney,2 and Joseph F. Urban Jr.1*

Nutrient Requirements and Functions Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center,1 Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute,2 Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Mucosal Biology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore,3 Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland4

Received 8 February 2004/ Returned for modification 4 March 2004/ Accepted 30 September 2004

Human infectious diseases have been studied in pigs because the two species have common microbial, parasitic, and zoonotic organisms, but there has been no systematic evaluation of cytokine gene expression in response to infectious agents in porcine species. In this study, pigs were inoculated with two clinically and economically important parasites, Toxoplasma gondii and Ascaris suum, and gene expression in 11 different tissues for 20 different swine Th1/Th2-related cytokines, cytokine receptors, and markers of immune activation were evaluated by real-time PCR. A generalized Th1-like pattern of gene expression was evident in pigs infected with T. gondii, along with an increased anti-inflammatory gene expression pattern during the recovery phase of the infection. In contrast, an elevated Th2-like pattern was expressed during the period of expulsion of A. suum fourth-stage larvae from the small intestine of pigs, along with low-level Th1-like and anti-inflammatory cytokine gene expression. Prototypical immune and physiological markers of infection were observed in bronchial alveolar lavage cells, small intestinal smooth muscle, and epithelial cells. This study validated the use of a robust quantitative gene expression assay to detect immune and inflammatory markers at multiple host tissue sites, enhanced the definition of two important swine diseases, and supported the use of swine as an experimental model for the study of immunity to infectious agents relevant to humans.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: USDA/ARS/BHNRC/NRFL, Bldg. 307C, Room 214, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705. Phone: (301) 504-5528. Fax: (301) 504-9062. E-mail: urbanj{at}ba.ars.usda.gov.

Editor: W. A. Petri, Jr.

{dagger} Present address: Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.

Infection and Immunity, February 2005, p. 1116-1128, Vol. 73, No. 2
0019-9567/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/IAI.73.2.1116-1128.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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