Editorial
Spotlight
Molecular Pathogenesis
Molecular PathogenesisCross Talk between MarR-Like Transcription Factors Coordinates the Regulation of Motility in Uropathogenic Escherichia coliThe MarR-like protein PapX represses the transcription of the flagellar master regulator genes flhDC in uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), the primary cause of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs). PapX is encoded by the pap operon, which also encodes the adherence factors termed P fimbriae.
Cellular Microbiology: Pathogen-Host Cell Molecular Interactions
Cellular Microbiology: Pathogen-Host Cell Molecular InteractionsHistophilus somni Survives in Bovine Macrophages by Interfering with Phagosome-Lysosome Fusion but Requires IbpA for Optimal Serum ResistanceHistophilus somni is capable of intracellular survival within professional phagocytic cells, but the mechanism of survival is not understood. The Fic motif within the direct repeat (DR1)/DR2 domains of the IbpA fibrillary network protein of H. somni is cytotoxic to epithelial and phagocytic cells,...
Cellular Microbiology: Pathogen-Host Cell Molecular InteractionsCandida albicans Ras1 Inactivation Increases Resistance to Phagosomal Killing by Human NeutrophilsHost phagocytic cells are crucial players in initial defense against Candida albicans infection. C. albicans utilizes MAP kinases and Ras1 stress response signaling pathways to protect itself from killing by immune cells.
Cellular Microbiology: Pathogen-Host Cell Molecular InteractionsDeletion of Interleukin-4 Receptor Alpha-Responsive Keratinocytes in BALB/c Mice Does Not Alter Susceptibility to Cutaneous LeishmaniasisThe skin microenvironment at the site of infection plays a role in the early events that determine protective T helper 1/type 1 immune responses during cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) infection. During CL in nonhealing BALB/c mice, early interleukin-4 (IL-4) can instruct dendritic cells for protective Th1 immunity.
Bacterial Infections
Bacterial InfectionsNanI Sialidase Is an Important Contributor to Clostridium perfringens Type F Strain F4969 Intestinal Colonization in MiceClostridium perfringens type F (formerly enterotoxigenic C. perfringens type A) strains produce an enterotoxin (CPE) to cause acute cases of food poisoning and chronic nonfoodborne human gastrointestinal diseases (NFD), e.g., antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD). NFD strains also produce NanI...
Bacterial Infections | SpotlightGlucose Metabolism by Escherichia coli Inhibits Vibrio cholerae Intestinal Colonization of ZebrafishThe Vibrio cholerae O1 serogroup is responsible for pandemic cholera and is divided into the classical and El Tor biotypes. Classical V. cholerae produces acid when using glucose as a carbon source, whereas El Tor V. cholerae...
Bacterial InfectionsTracking Anti-Staphylococcus aureus Antibodies Produced In Vivo and Ex Vivo during Foot Salvage Therapy for Diabetic Foot Infections Reveals Prognostic Insights and Evidence of Diversified Humoral ImmunityManagement of foot salvage therapy (FST) for diabetic foot infections (DFI) is challenging due to the absence of reliable diagnostics to identify the etiologic agent and prognostics to justify aggressive treatments. As Staphylococcus aureus is the most common pathogen associated with DFI, we aimed to develop a multiplex immunoassay of IgG in serum and medium enriched...
Host Response and Inflammation
Host Response and InflammationLimited Pulmonary Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cell Accumulation and Activation during Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Rhesus MacaquesMucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAITs) are positioned in airways and may be important in the pulmonary cellular immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, particularly prior to priming of peptide-specific T cells. Accordingly, there is interest in the possibility that boosting MAITs through tuberculosis (TB) vaccination may enhance protection...
Host Response and InflammationHeterogeneity in FoxP3- and GARP/LAP-Expressing T Regulatory Cells in an HLA Class II Transgenic Murine Model of Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections by Group A StreptococcusInvasive group A streptococcus (GAS) infections include necrotizing soft tissue infections (NSTI) and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS). We have previously shown that host HLA class II allelic variations determine the risk for necrotizing fasciitis (NF), a dominant subgroup of NSTI, and STSS by modulating responses to GAS superantigens (SAgs).
Host Response and InflammationHeterogeneity of Ly6G+ Ly6C+ Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell Infiltrates during Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm InfectionMyeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of immature monocytes and granulocytes. While neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes [PMNs]) are classically identified as highly differentiated cells specialized for antimicrobial defense, our laboratory has reported minor contributions of PMNs to the immune response during Staphylococcus...
Fungal and Parasitic Infections
Fungal and Parasitic Infections | SpotlightTamm-Horsfall Protein Protects the Urinary Tract against Candida albicansUrinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans and related species are prevalent in hospitalized patients, especially those on antibiotic therapy, with indwelling catheters, or with predisposing conditions such as diabetes or immunodeficiency. Understanding of key host defenses against Candida UTI is critical for...
Fungal and Parasitic Infections | SpotlightComparative Analysis of the Capacity of the Candida Species To Elicit Vaginal ImmunopathologyThe human fungal pathogen Candida albicans is the major etiological agent of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). Despite this fact, other non-albicans Candida (NAC) species have frequently been reported, as well.
Fungal and Parasitic InfectionsAscaris Larval Infection and Lung Invasion Directly Induce Severe Allergic Airway Disease in MiceAscaris lumbricoides (roundworm) is the most common helminth infection globally and a cause of lifelong morbidity that may include allergic airway disease, an asthma phenotype. We hypothesize that Ascaris larval migration through the lungs leads to persistent airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and type 2 inflammatory lung pathology despite resolution of...
Fungal and Parasitic Infections | SpotlightPolymorphisms in Receptors Involved in Opsonic and Nonopsonic Phagocytosis, and Correlation with Risk of Infection in Oncohematology PatientsHigh-risk hematological malignancies are a privileged setting for infection by opportunistic microbes, with invasive mycosis being one of the most serious complications. Recently, genetic background has emerged as an unanticipated risk factor.
Microbial Immunity and Vaccines
Microbial Immunity and VaccinesImproved Tolerability of a Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Live-Attenuated Vaccine Strain Achieved by Balancing Inflammatory Potential with ImmunogenicityA notable proportion of Salmonella-associated gastroenteritis in the United States is attributed to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. We have previously shown that live-attenuated S.
Microbial Immunity and VaccinesPreexisting Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Increases Susceptibility to Tuberculosis in Mauritian Cynomolgus MacaquesTuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is the leading cause of death among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients. The precise mechanisms by which HIV impairs host resistance to a subsequent M. tuberculosis infection are unknown.
Host-Associated Microbial Communities
Host-Associated Microbial CommunitiesTreatment of Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis with Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma Translocation 1 Inhibitor MI-2 Is Associated with Restoration of Gut Immune Function and the MicrobiotaDisruption of the healthy intestinal microbiome and homeostasis of the intestinal immune system, which are closely interactive, are two key factors for ulcerative colitis. Here, we show that MI-2, a selective inhibitor of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation-1 (MALT1), alleviated excessive inflammatory responses and was associated with restoration of healthy intestinal microbiome in mice suffering from dextran...
Host-Associated Microbial CommunitiesAutoinducer 2 (AI-2) Production by Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae 86-028NP Promotes Expression of a Predicted Glycosyltransferase That Is a Determinant of Biofilm Maturation, Prevention of Dispersal, and Persistence In VivoNontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is an extremely common human pathobiont that persists on the airway mucosal surface within biofilm communities, and our previous work has shown that NTHi biofilm maturation is coordinated by the production and uptake of autoinducer 2 (AI-2) quorum signals. To directly test roles for AI-2 in maturation and...
Host-Associated Microbial CommunitiesCeftriaxone Administration Disrupts Intestinal Homeostasis, Mediating Noninflammatory Proliferation and Dissemination of Commensal EnterococciEnterococci are Gram-positive commensals of the mammalian intestinal tract and harbor intrinsic resistance to broad-spectrum cephalosporins. Disruption of colonization resistance in humans by antibiotics allows enterococci to proliferate in the gut and cause disseminated infections.
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Infection and Immunity® (IAI) reports key discoveries that help microbiologists, immunologists, epidemiologists, pathologists, and clinicians to gain new insights into the underlying mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions and develop novel strategies to prevent or treat infectious diseases.