Article Figures & Data
Figures
- FIG 1
Kinetics of cardiomyopathy in T. cruzi infection. (A and B) Parasitemia (A) and mortality (B) in CD-1 mice infected with 5 × 104 trypomastigotes of T. cruzi strain Brazil. (C and D) Representative cardiac MRIs of control (C) and infected (D) mouse hearts revealing an enlarged right ventricle (RV). (E and F) Representative histopathology of the heart during acute and chronic infection showing pseudocysts of amastigotes (arrows) and inflammation. The images are representative of groups of 5 mice each. **, P ≤ 0.05.
- FIG 2
T. cruzi is a source of RvD1 during infection. (A) Serum RvD1 levels in mice inoculated with 5 × 104 strain Brazil trypomastigotes. The data are means and standard deviations (SD) (n = 5). The asterisks indicate significant differences (**, P ≤ 0.05) from uninfected mice. (B) Release of RvD1 from T. cruzi, related protists, and infected L6E9 cells. RvD1 release was measured by ELISA from conditioned medium. The data are means and SD (n = 3). The asterisks indicate significant differences (**, P ≤ 0.05) from epimastigotes and uninfected L6E9 cells. Epis, epimastigote forms of strain Tulahuen; Trypos, trypomastigotes of strains Brazil and Tulahuen; Toxo, lysates of T. gondii strain RH; Uninf and Inf, L6E9 myoblasts uninfected or infected with trypomastigotes of T. cruzi strain Tulahuen, respectively.
- FIG 3
Representative spectra used to identify lipid mediators of the resolving class and LC–MS-MS fragmentation spectra employed for the identification of RvD1, RvD5, and RvE2 in lysates of trypomastigotes of T. cruzi from strains Brazil and Tulahuen.
Tables
- TABLE 1
Quantitation of FFA precursors in lysates of trypomastigotes by LC–MS-MS
FFA precursor speciesa Mass (m/z) of diagnostic ions at quadrupole position (Q): Amt in trypomastigotes of T. cruzi strainb: Q1 Q3 Tulahuen Brazil EPA 301 257 1.6–1,194c 2.9–1,937c DHA 327 283 113–15,111c 62.1–3,841c 4S,14S-diHDHA 359 221 − − 17-HDHA 343 245 9.7–199.3 6.4–242.4 14-HDHA 343 205 15.7–86.8 14.9–141.6 7-HDHA 343 141 16.9–262.4 11.3–88.2 4-HDHA 343 101 94.5–427.4 70.0–471.3 AA 303 259 15.5–2,529c 32–5,766c ↵a HDHA, hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid; AA, arachidonic acid.
↵b Expression of lipid species quantified from peak height and expressed as picograms per milligram of protein. The data represent the range of samples documented from 3 independent lysates for each strain. −, sample with value below the detection limit.
↵c Amount in nanograms per milligram of protein.
- TABLE 2
Quantitation of prostaglandin species in lysates of trypomastigotes of T. cruzi by LC–MS-MS
Prostaglandin lipid speciesa Mass (m/z) of diagnostic ions at quadrupole position (Q): Amt in trypomastigotes of T. cruzi strainb: Q1 Q3 Tulahuen Brazil PGD2 351 189 1.4–3.9 2.7–23 PGE2 351 189 2.0–21.4 6.0–48.6 PGF2α 353 193 2.6–38.9 2.7–2.6 - TABLE 3
Quantitation of lipoxygenase-derived lipid species in lysates of T. cruzi trypomastigotes by LC–MS-MS
Lipoxygenase-derived lipid speciesa Mass (m/z) of diagnostic ions at quadrupole position (Q): Amt in trypomastigotes of T. cruzi strainb: Q1 Q3 Tulahuen Brazil LTB4 335 195 − − 20-OH-LTB4 351 195 − − 20-COOH-LTB4 365 195 − − 5-HETE 319 115 54.6–101.6 26.3–122.1 12-HETE 319 179 11.1–46.9 15.3–143.3 15-HETE 319 219 24.8–166.4 39.7–328.1 5S,15S-diHETE 335 235 2.3–5.2 5.7–8.0 5-HEPE 317 115 5.4–12.9 2.5–31.0 12-HEPE 317 179 0.7–6.1 0.6–1.0 15-HEPE 317 219 2.5–3.3 2.3–3.4 18-HEPE 317 259 3.8–5.4 1.7–2.2 5S,15S-diHEPE 333 115 1.3–27.7 1.7–13.6 - TABLE 4
Quantitation of proresolving lipid mediators in lysates of trypomastigotes of T. cruzi by LC–MS-MS
Proresolving lipid speciesa Mass (m/z) of diagnostic ions at quadrupole position (Q): Amt in trypomastigotes of T .cruzi strainb: Q1 Q3 Tulahuen Brazil RvD1 375 141 1.2–1.4 1.8–7.0 RvD2 375 215 − − RvD3 375 147 − − RvD5 359 199 1.4–1.6 0.7–1.9 RvD6 359 159 − − RvE1 349 161 − − RvE2 333 253 − 9.5–23.6 RvE3 333 201 − − PD1 359 153 − − 22-OH-PD1 375 153 − − 22-COOH-PD1 389 153 − − MaR1 359 250 − − LXA4 351 115 − − LXB4 351 115 − − LXA5 349 215 − − LXB5 349 221 − − ↵a RvD, resolvins derived from docosahexenoic acid; RvE, resolvins derived from eicosapentaenoic acid; PD, protectin; MaR, maresin; LX, lipoxin.
↵b Expression of lipid species quantified from peak height and expressed as picograms per milligram of protein. The data represent the range of samples documented from 3 independent lysates for each strain. −, sample with value below the detection limit.
