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Table of Contents

June 2020; Volume 88,Issue 6

Spotlight

  • Free
    Articles of Significant Interest in This Issue
    Spotlight
    Articles of Significant Interest in This Issue

Minireviewn

  • Role of β2 Integrins in Neutrophils and Sepsis
    Minireview
    Role of β2 Integrins in Neutrophils and Sepsis

    Sepsis remains medically challenging, with high morbidity and mortality. A novel intervention is urgently needed in the absence of specific, targeted therapy. Neutrophils act as double-edged swords in sepsis; they can help to eradicate microbes, but they also contribute to tissue injury. β2 integrins are critical adhesion molecules that regulate a number of neutrophil functions. β2 integrins consist of four members, namely, αLβ2, αMβ2,...

    Koichi Yuki, Lifei Hou

Molecular Pathogenesis

  • Functional Properties of <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Helicobacter pylori</span> VacA Toxin m1 and m2 Variants
    Molecular Pathogenesis
    Functional Properties of Helicobacter pylori VacA Toxin m1 and m2 Variants

    Helicobacter pylori colonizes the gastric mucosa and secretes a pore-forming toxin (VacA). Two main types of VacA, m1 and m2, can be distinguished by phylogenetic analysis. Type m1 forms of VacA have been extensively studied, but there has been relatively little study of m2 forms. In this study, we generated...

    Rhonda R. Caston, Johanna C. Sierra, Nora J. Foegeding, Mandy D. Truelock, Anne M. Campbell, Arwen E. Frick-Cheng, Diane Bimczok, Keith T. Wilson, Mark S. McClain, Timothy L. Cover
  • <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Enterococcus faecalis</span> Manganese Exporter MntE Alleviates Manganese Toxicity and Is Required for Mouse Gastrointestinal Colonization
    Molecular Pathogenesis | Spotlight
    Enterococcus faecalis Manganese Exporter MntE Alleviates Manganese Toxicity and Is Required for Mouse Gastrointestinal Colonization

    Bacterial pathogens encounter a variety of nutritional environments in the human host, including nutrient metal restriction and overload. Uptake of manganese (Mn) is essential for Enterococcus faecalis growth and virulence; however, it is not known how this organism prevents Mn toxicity. In this study, we examine the role of the highly conserved MntE transporter in...

    Ling Ning Lam, Jun Jie Wong, Kelvin Kian Long Chong, Kimberly A. Kline
  • The ESX-1 Virulence Factors Downregulate miR-147-3p in <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Mycobacterium marinum</span>-Infected Macrophages
    Molecular Pathogenesis
    The ESX-1 Virulence Factors Downregulate miR-147-3p in Mycobacterium marinum-Infected Macrophages

    As important virulence factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, EsxA and EsxB not only play a role in phagosome rupture and M. tuberculosis cytosolic translocation but also function as modulators of host immune responses by modulating numerous microRNAs (miRNAs). Recently, we have found that...

    Xiaoshu Zuo, Lin Wang, Yanqing Bao, Jianjun Sun
  • Dual Function of Aar, a Member of the New AraC Negative Regulator Family, in <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Escherichia coli</span> Gene Expression
    Molecular Pathogenesis
    Dual Function of Aar, a Member of the New AraC Negative Regulator Family, in Escherichia coli Gene Expression

    Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is an E. coli pathotype associated with diarrhea and growth faltering. EAEC virulence gene expression is controlled by the autoactivated AraC family transcriptional regulator, AggR. AggR activates transcription of a large number of virulence genes, including...

    Abigail S. Mickey, James P. Nataro
  • <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Vibrio cholerae</span> OmpR Contributes to Virulence Repression and Fitness at Alkaline pH
    Molecular Pathogenesis
    Vibrio cholerae OmpR Contributes to Virulence Repression and Fitness at Alkaline pH

    Vibrio cholerae is a Gram-negative human pathogen and the causative agent of the life-threatening disease cholera. V. cholerae is a natural inhabitant of marine environments and enters humans through the consumption of contaminated food or water. The ability to transition between aquatic ecosystems...

    D. E. Kunkle, X. R. Bina, J. E. Bina
  • A Peptidoglycan Amidase Activator Impacts <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Salmonella enterica</span> Serovar Typhimurium Gut Infection
    Molecular Pathogenesis
    A Peptidoglycan Amidase Activator Impacts Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Gut Infection

    Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is an important foodborne pathogen that causes diarrhea. S. Typhimurium elicits inflammatory responses and colonizes the gut lumen by outcompeting the microbiota. Although evidence is accumulating with regard to the underlying mechanism, the infectious stage...

    Nao Nakamura, Yusuke Hoshino, Takuro Shiga, Takeshi Haneda, Nobuhiko Okada, Tsuyoshi Miki
  • Identification of Pathogenicity Island Genes Associated with Loss of Type IV Secretion Function during Murine Infection with <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Helicobacter pylori</span>
    Molecular Pathogenesis
    Identification of Pathogenicity Island Genes Associated with Loss of Type IV Secretion Function during Murine Infection with Helicobacter pylori

    Chronic Helicobacter pylori colonization in animal models often leads to downregulation of the type IV secretion system (T4SS), typically by recombination in cagY, which is an essential T4SS gene. However, 17 other cag pathogenicity island (cagPAI) genes, as well as some non-cagPAI genes, are also essential for T4SS function. To get...

    Lori M. Hansen, Dylan J. Dekalb, Lucy P. Cai, Jay V. Solnick
  • EirA Is a Novel Protein Essential for Intracellular Replication of <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Coxiella burnetii</span>
    Molecular Pathogenesis
    EirA Is a Novel Protein Essential for Intracellular Replication of Coxiella burnetii

    The zoonotic bacterial pathogen Coxiella burnetii is the causative agent of Q fever, a febrile illness which can cause a serious chronic infection. C. burnetii is a unique intracellular bacterium which replicates within host lysosome-derived vacuoles. The ability of...

    Miku Kuba, Nitika Neha, Patrice Newton, Yi Wei Lee, Vicki Bennett-Wood, Abderrahman Hachani, David P. De Souza, Brunda Nijagal, Saravanan Dayalan, Dedreia Tull, Malcolm J. McConville, Fiona M. Sansom, Hayley J. Newton
  • <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Mycoplasma bovis</span> Membrane Protein MilA Is a Multifunctional Lipase with Novel Lipid and Glycosaminoglycan Binding Activity
    Molecular Pathogenesis
    Mycoplasma bovis Membrane Protein MilA Is a Multifunctional Lipase with Novel Lipid and Glycosaminoglycan Binding Activity

    The survival, replication, and virulence of mycoplasmas depend on their ability to capture and import host-derived nutrients using poorly characterized membrane proteins. Previous studies on the important bovine pathogen Mycoplasma bovis demonstrated that the amino-terminal end of an immunogenic 226-kDa (P226) protein, encoded by milA (the full-length product...

    James Yazah Adamu, Nadeeka Kumari Wawegama, Anna Kanci Condello, Marc Serge Marenda, Philip Francis Markham, Glenn Francis Browning, Kelly Anne Tivendale
  • The Lon-1 Protease Is Required by <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Borrelia burgdorferi</span> To Infect the Mammalian Host
    Molecular Pathogenesis
    The Lon-1 Protease Is Required by Borrelia burgdorferi To Infect the Mammalian Host

    Borrelia burgdorferi encodes a functional homolog of canonical Lon protease termed Lon-2. In addition, B. burgdorferi encodes a second Lon homolog called Lon-1. Recent studies suggest that Lon-1 may function differently from the prototypical Lon protease. However, the function of Lon-1 in...

    Christina Thompson, Charlotte Mason, Shidoya Parrilla, Zhiming Ouyang

Cellular Microbiology: Pathogen-Host Cell Molecular Interactions

  • Apoptosis Functions in Defense against Infection of Mammalian Cells with Environmental Chlamydiae
    Cellular Microbiology: Pathogen-Host Cell Molecular Interactions
    Apoptosis Functions in Defense against Infection of Mammalian Cells with Environmental Chlamydiae

    Apoptotic cell death can be an efficient defense reaction of mammalian cells infected with obligate intracellular pathogens; the host cell dies and the pathogen cannot replicate. While this is well established for viruses, there is little experimental support for such a concept in bacterial infections. All Chlamydiales are obligate intracellular bacteria, and different species infect vastly different hosts....

    Dominik Brokatzky, Oliver Kretz, Georg Häcker

Bacterial Infections

  • Ursodeoxycholic Acid (UDCA) Mitigates the Host Inflammatory Response during <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Clostridioides difficile</span> Infection by Altering Gut Bile Acids
    Bacterial Infections | Spotlight
    Ursodeoxycholic Acid (UDCA) Mitigates the Host Inflammatory Response during Clostridioides difficile Infection by Altering Gut Bile Acids

    Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is associated with increasing morbidity and mortality posing an urgent threat to public health. Recurrence of CDI after successful treatment with antibiotics is high, thus necessitating discovery of novel therapeutics against this enteric pathogen. Administration of the secondary bile acid ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA; ursodiol)...

    Jenessa A. Winston, Alissa J. Rivera, Jingwei Cai, Rajani Thanissery, Stephanie A. Montgomery, Andrew D. Patterson, Casey M. Theriot
  • Disruption of Phosphate Homeostasis Sensitizes <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Staphylococcus aureus</span> to Nutritional Immunity
    Bacterial Infections
    Disruption of Phosphate Homeostasis Sensitizes Staphylococcus aureus to Nutritional Immunity

    To control infection, mammals actively withhold essential nutrients, including the transition metal manganese, by a process termed nutritional immunity. A critical component of this host response is the manganese-chelating protein calprotectin. While many bacterial mechanisms for overcoming nutritional immunity have been identified, the intersection between metal starvation and other essential inorganic nutrients has not been...

    Jessica L. Kelliher, Erin B. Brazel, Jana N. Radin, Eliot S. Joya, Paola K. Párraga Solórzano, Stephanie L. Neville, Christopher A. McDevitt, Thomas E. Kehl-Fie
  • Role of <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</span> Glutathione Biosynthesis in Lung and Soft Tissue Infection
    Bacterial Infections
    Role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Glutathione Biosynthesis in Lung and Soft Tissue Infection

    The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. To survive in both the environment and the host, P. aeruginosa must cope with redox stress. In P. aeruginosa, a primary...

    Kelly L. Michie, Justine L. Dees, Derek Fleming, Dina A. Moustafa, Joanna B. Goldberg, Kendra P. Rumbaugh, Marvin Whiteley

Host Response and Inflammation

  • Open Access
    Mice Lacking γδ T Cells Exhibit Impaired Clearance of <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</span> Lung Infection and Excessive Production of Inflammatory Cytokines
    Host Response and Inflammation
    Mice Lacking γδ T Cells Exhibit Impaired Clearance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lung Infection and Excessive Production of Inflammatory Cytokines

    Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that causes chronic and life-threatening infections in immunocompromised patients. A better understanding of the role that innate immunity plays in the control of P. aeruginosa infection is crucial for therapeutic development. Specifically, the...

    Toka Omar, Pascal Ziltener, Erin Chamberlain, Zhenyu Cheng, Brent Johnston
  • Aging Dampens the Intestinal Innate Immune Response during Severe <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Clostridioides difficile</span> Infection and Is Associated with Altered Cytokine Levels and Granulocyte Mobilization
    Host Response and Inflammation | Spotlight
    Aging Dampens the Intestinal Innate Immune Response during Severe Clostridioides difficile Infection and Is Associated with Altered Cytokine Levels and Granulocyte Mobilization

    Clostridioides (formerly Clostridium) difficile is the most common cause of hospital-acquired infection, and advanced age is a risk factor for C. difficile infection. Disruption of the intestinal microbiota and immune responses contribute to host susceptibility and severity of C...

    Lisa Abernathy-Close, Michael G. Dieterle, Kimberly C. Vendrov, Ingrid L. Bergin, Krishna Rao, Vincent B. Young

Fungal and Parasitic Infections

  • Resolvin D1 Administration Is Beneficial in <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Trypanosoma cruzi</span> Infection
    Fungal and Parasitic Infections
    Resolvin D1 Administration Is Beneficial in Trypanosoma cruzi Infection

    Chagas disease is a major public health issue, affecting ∼10 million people worldwide. Transmitted by a protozoan named Trypanosoma cruzi, this infection triggers a chronic inflammatory process that can lead to cardiomyopathy (Chagas disease). Resolvin D1 (RvD1) is a novel proresolution lipid mediator whose effects on inflammatory diseases dampens pathological...

    Aline L. Horta, Tere Williams, Bing Han, Yanfen Ma, Ana Paula J. Menezes, Vincent Tu, André Talvani, Louis M. Weiss, Huan Huang

Microbial Immunity and Vaccines

  • Combination of <em>Mycobacterium indicus pranii</em> and Heat-Induced Promastigotes Cures Drug-Resistant <em>Leishmania</em> Infection: Critical Role of Interleukin-6-Producing Classical Dendritic Cells
    Microbial Immunity and Vaccines
    Combination of Mycobacterium indicus pranii and Heat-Induced Promastigotes Cures Drug-Resistant Leishmania Infection: Critical Role of Interleukin-6-Producing Classical Dendritic Cells

    The major issues in available therapeutic modalities against leishmaniasis are cost, toxicity, and the emergence of drug resistance. The aim of this work was to develop a successful therapeutic adjuvant against drug-resistant Leishmania donovani infection by means of combining Mycobacterium indicus pranii with heat-induced promastigotes (HIP). One-month...

    Somaditya Dey, Debarati Mukherjee, Sirin Salma Sultana, Suvadip Mallick, Aritri Dutta, Joydip Ghosh, Aabid Hussain, Biswajyoti Sarkar, Supratim Mandal, Pradyumna Patra, Bhaskar Saha, Chiranjib Pal

Host-Associated Microbial Communities

  • <em>Chlamydia</em> Deficient in Plasmid-Encoded pGP3 Is Prevented from Spreading to Large Intestine
    Host-Associated Microbial Communities
    Chlamydia Deficient in Plasmid-Encoded pGP3 Is Prevented from Spreading to Large Intestine

    The cryptic plasmid pCM is critical for chlamydial colonization in the gastrointestinal tract. Nevertheless, orally inoculated plasmid-free Chlamydia sp. was still able to colonize the gut. Surprisingly, orally inoculated Chlamydia sp. deficient in only plasmid-encoded pGP3 was no longer able to colonize the gut. A comparison of live organism recoveries from individual gastrointestinal tissues revealed that pGP3-...

    Zhi Huo, Conghui He, Ying Xu, Tianjun Jia, Jie Wang, Guangming Zhong

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Infection and Immunity: 88 (6)

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volume 88, issue 6
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  • Pathogenic Mannheimia haemolytica Invades Differentiated Bovine Airway Epithelial Cells
  • Fitness Trade-Offs Resulting from Bacteriophage Resistance Potentiate Synergistic Antibacterial Strategies
  • An Ixodes scapularis Protein Disulfide Isomerase Contributes to Borrelia burgdorferi Colonization of the Vector
  • Success of Escherichia coli O25b:H4 Sequence Type 131 Clade C Associated with a Decrease in Virulence
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