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Infection and Immunity
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More articles from Minireview

  • Illuminating Macrophage Contributions to Host-Pathogen Interactions <em>In Vivo</em>: the Power of Zebrafish
    Minireview
    Illuminating Macrophage Contributions to Host-Pathogen Interactions In Vivo: the Power of Zebrafish

    Macrophages are a key cell type in innate immunity. Years of in vitro cell culture studies have unraveled myriad macrophage pathways that combat pathogens and demonstrated how pathogen effectors subvert these mechanisms. However, in vitro cell culture studies may not accurately reflect how macrophages fit into the context of an innate immune response in whole animals with multiple cell types and tissues. Larval...

    Emily E. Rosowski
  • Fighting Persistence: How Chronic Infections with <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</span> Evade T Cell-Mediated Clearance and New Strategies To Defeat Them
    Minireview
    Fighting Persistence: How Chronic Infections with Mycobacterium tuberculosis Evade T Cell-Mediated Clearance and New Strategies To Defeat Them

    Chronic bacterial infections are caused by pathogens that persist within their hosts and avoid clearance by the immune system. Treatment and/or detection of such pathogens is difficult, and the resulting pathologies are often deleterious or fatal. There is an urgent need to develop protective vaccines and host-directed therapies that synergize with antibiotics to prevent pathogen persistence and infection-associated pathologies. However...

    Laurisa Ankley, Sean Thomas, Andrew J. Olive
  • Regulation of Virulence by Two-Component Systems in Pathogenic <em>Burkholderia</em>
    Minireview
    Regulation of Virulence by Two-Component Systems in Pathogenic Burkholderia

    The regulation and timely expression of bacterial genes during infection is critical for a pathogen to cause an infection. Bacteria have multiple mechanisms to regulate gene expression in response to their environment, one of which is two-component systems (TCS). TCS have two components. One component is a sensory histidine kinase (HK) that autophosphorylates when activated by a signal. The activated sensory histidine kinase then...

    Matthew M. Schaefers
  • Open Access
    Fitness Trade-Offs Resulting from Bacteriophage Resistance Potentiate Synergistic Antibacterial Strategies
    Minireview
    Fitness Trade-Offs Resulting from Bacteriophage Resistance Potentiate Synergistic Antibacterial Strategies

    Bacteria that cause life-threatening infections in humans are becoming increasingly difficult to treat. In some instances, this is due to intrinsic and acquired antibiotic resistance, indicating that new therapeutic approaches are needed to combat bacterial pathogens. There is renewed interest in utilizing viruses of bacteria known as bacteriophages (phages) as potential antibacterial therapeutics. However, critics suggest that similar...

    Mihnea R. Mangalea, Breck A. Duerkop
  • Outer Membrane Lipid Secretion and the Innate Immune Response to Gram-Negative Bacteria
    Minireview
    Outer Membrane Lipid Secretion and the Innate Immune Response to Gram-Negative Bacteria

    The outer membrane (OM) of Gram-negative bacteria is an asymmetric lipid bilayer that consists of inner leaflet phospholipids and outer leaflet lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The asymmetric character and unique biochemistry of LPS molecules contribute to the OM’s ability to function as a molecular permeability barrier that protects the bacterium against hazards in the environment. Assembly and regulation of the OM have been extensively...

    Nicole P. Giordano, Melina B. Cian, Zachary D. Dalebroux
  • NOD1 and NOD2 Activation by Diverse Stimuli: a Possible Role for Sensing Pathogen-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
    Minireview
    NOD1 and NOD2 Activation by Diverse Stimuli: a Possible Role for Sensing Pathogen-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress

    Prompt recognition of microbes by cells is critical to eliminate invading pathogens. Some cell-associated pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize and respond to microbial ligands. However, others can respond to cellular perturbations, such as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Nucleotide oligomerization domains 1 and 2 (NOD1/2) are PRRs that recognize and respond to multiple stimuli of microbial and cellular origin,...

    Sharon K. Kuss-Duerkop, A. Marijke Keestra-Gounder
  • Role of β2 Integrins in Neutrophils and Sepsis
    Minireview
    Role of β2 Integrins in Neutrophils and Sepsis

    Sepsis remains medically challenging, with high morbidity and mortality. A novel intervention is urgently needed in the absence of specific, targeted therapy. Neutrophils act as double-edged swords in sepsis; they can help to eradicate microbes, but they also contribute to tissue injury. β2 integrins are critical adhesion molecules that regulate a number of neutrophil functions. β2 integrins consist of four members, namely, αLβ2, αMβ2,...

    Koichi Yuki, Lifei Hou
  • Towards Innovative Design and Application of Recombinant <em>Eimeria</em> as a Vaccine Vector
    Minireview
    Towards Innovative Design and Application of Recombinant Eimeria as a Vaccine Vector

    Efficient delivery of antigenic cargo to trigger protective immune responses is critical to the success of vaccination. Genetically engineered microorganisms, including virus, bacteria, and protozoa, can be modified to carry and deliver heterologous antigens to the host immune system. The biological vectors can induce a broad range of immune responses and enhance heterologous antigen-specific immunological outcomes. The protozoan genus...

    Xinming Tang, Xianyong Liu, Xun Suo
  • Unraveling the Role of MicroRNAs in <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</span> Infection and Disease: Advances and Pitfalls
    Minireview
    Unraveling the Role of MicroRNAs in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Disease: Advances and Pitfalls

    Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease of extremely high epidemiological burden worldwide that is easily acquired through the inhalation of infected respiratory droplets. The complex pathogenesis of this infection spans from subjects never developing this disease despite intense exposure, to others in which immune containment fails catastrophically and severe or disseminated forms of disease ensue.

    Cinthya Ruiz-Tagle, Rodrigo Naves, María Elvira Balcells
  • Biomarkers for Detecting Resilience against Mycobacterial Disease in Animals
    Minireview
    Biomarkers for Detecting Resilience against Mycobacterial Disease in Animals

    Paratuberculosis and bovine tuberculosis are two mycobacterial diseases of ruminants which have a considerable impact on livestock health, welfare, and production. These are chronic “iceberg” diseases which take years to manifest and in which many subclinical cases remain undetected. Suggested biomarkers to detect infected or diseased animals are numerous and include cytokines, peptides, and expression of specific genes; however, these...

    Kathryn Wright, Karren Plain, Auriol Purdie, Bernadette M. Saunders, Kumudika de Silva

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