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More articles from Minireview

  • Biomarkers for Detecting Resilience against Mycobacterial Disease in Animals
    Minireview
    Biomarkers for Detecting Resilience against Mycobacterial Disease in Animals

    Paratuberculosis and bovine tuberculosis are two mycobacterial diseases of ruminants which have a considerable impact on livestock health, welfare, and production. These are chronic “iceberg” diseases which take years to manifest and in which many subclinical cases remain undetected. Suggested biomarkers to detect infected or diseased animals are numerous and include cytokines, peptides, and expression of specific genes; however, these...

    Kathryn Wright, Karren Plain, Auriol Purdie, Bernadette M. Saunders, Kumudika de Silva
  • Th17 Cells in <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Helicobacter pylori</span> Infection: a Dichotomy of Help and Harm
    Minireview
    Th17 Cells in Helicobacter pylori Infection: a Dichotomy of Help and Harm

    Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative bacterium that infects the gastric epithelia of its human host. Everyone who is colonized with these pathogenic bacteria can develop gastric inflammation, termed gastritis. Additionally, a small proportion of colonized people develop more adverse outcomes, including gastric ulcer disease, gastric adenocarcinoma, or gastric mucosa...

    Beverly R. E. A. Dixon, Rafat Hossain, Rachna V. Patel, Holly M. Scott Algood
  • Eosinophils and Macrophages within the Th2-Induced Granuloma: Balancing Killing and Healing in a Tight Space
    Minireview
    Eosinophils and Macrophages within the Th2-Induced Granuloma: Balancing Killing and Healing in a Tight Space

    Granuloma formation is a key host immune response generated to confine invading pathogens and limit extensive host damage. It consists of an accumulation of host immune cells around a pathogen. This host response has been extensively studied in the context of inflammatory diseases. However, there is much less known about Th2-type granulomas generated in response to parasitic worms.

    Anupama Ariyaratne, Constance A. M. Finney
  • Taming the Beast: Interplay between Gut Small Molecules and Enteric Pathogens
    Minireview
    Taming the Beast: Interplay between Gut Small Molecules and Enteric Pathogens

    The overuse of antibiotics has led to the evolution of drug-resistant bacteria that are becoming increasingly dangerous to human health. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, antibiotic-resistant bacteria cause at least 2 million illnesses and 23,000 deaths in the United States annually. Traditionally, antibiotics are bactericidal or bacteriostatic agents that place selective pressure on bacteria, leading to the...

    Aman Kumar, Melissa Ellermann, Vanessa Sperandio
  • Open Access
    <em>Salmonella enterica</em> Serovar Panama, an Understudied Serovar Responsible for Extraintestinal Salmonellosis Worldwide
    Minireview
    Salmonella enterica Serovar Panama, an Understudied Serovar Responsible for Extraintestinal Salmonellosis Worldwide

    In recent years nontyphoidal Salmonella has emerged as one of the pathogens most frequently isolated from the bloodstream in humans. Only a small group of Salmonella serovars cause this systemic infection, known as invasive nontyphoidal salmonellosis. Here, we present a focused minireview on Salmonella enterica serovar Panama, a serovar responsible...

    Caisey V. Pulford, Blanca M. Perez-Sepulveda, Ella V. Rodwell, François-Xavier Weill, Kate S. Baker, Jay C. D. Hinton
  • Transmission-Blocking Vaccines: Old Friends and New Prospects
    Minireview
    Transmission-Blocking Vaccines: Old Friends and New Prospects

    In the progression of the life cycle of Plasmodium falciparum, a small proportion of asexual parasites differentiate into male or female sexual forms called gametocytes. Just like their asexual counterparts, gametocytes are contained within the infected host’s erythrocytes (RBCs).

    Festus K. Acquah, Joshua Adjah, Kim C. Williamson, Linda E. Amoah
  • The Evasive Enemy: Insights into the Virulence and Epidemiology of the Emerging Attaching and Effacing Pathogen <em>Escherichia albertii</em>
    Minireview
    The Evasive Enemy: Insights into the Virulence and Epidemiology of the Emerging Attaching and Effacing Pathogen Escherichia albertii

    The diarrheic attaching and effacing (A/E) pathogen Escherichia albertii was first isolated from infants in Bangladesh in 1991, although the bacterium was initially classified as Hafnia alvei. Subsequent genetic and biochemical interrogation of these isolates raised concerns about their initial...

    Shantanu Bhatt, Marisa Egan, Brian Critelli, Andrew Kouse, Daniel Kalman, Chirag Upreti
  • Open Access
    Modeling Host-Pathogen Interactions in the Context of the Microenvironment: Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Comes of Age
    Minireview
    Modeling Host-Pathogen Interactions in the Context of the Microenvironment: Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Comes of Age

    Tissues and organs provide the structural and biochemical landscapes upon which microbial pathogens and commensals function to regulate health and disease. While flat two-dimensional (2-D) monolayers composed of a single cell type have provided important insight into understanding host-pathogen interactions and infectious disease mechanisms, these reductionist models lack many essential features present in the native host...

    Jennifer Barrila, Aurélie Crabbé, Jiseon Yang, Karla Franco, Seth D. Nydam, Rebecca J. Forsyth, Richard R. Davis, Sandhya Gangaraju, C. Mark Ott, Carolyn B. Coyne, Mina J. Bissell, Cheryl A. Nickerson
  • Open Access
    Minireview
    Genome Variation and Molecular Epidemiology of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Pathovariants

    Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is one of approximately 2,500 distinct serovars of the genus Salmonella but is exceptional in its wide distribution in the environment, livestock, and wild animals. S.

    Priscilla Branchu, Matt Bawn, Robert A. Kingsley
  • Minireview
    Are Sphingolipids and Serine Dipeptide Lipids Underestimated Virulence Factors of Porphyromonas gingivalis?
    Ingar Olsen, Frank C. Nichols

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