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Infection and Immunity
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biofilm

  • The Extracellular Polysaccharide Matrix of <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</span> Biofilms Is a Determinant of Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Responses
    Cellular Microbiology: Pathogen-Host Cell Molecular Interactions
    The Extracellular Polysaccharide Matrix of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms Is a Determinant of Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Responses

    Bacterial biofilms may cause chronic infections due to their ability to evade clearance by the immune system and antibiotics. The persistent biofilms induce a hyperinflammatory state that damages the surrounding host tissue. Knowledge about the components of biofilms that are responsible for provoking the harmful but inefficient immune response is limited. Flagella are known to stimulate the response of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (...

    Morten Rybtke, Peter Østrup Jensen, Claus Henrik Nielsen, Tim Tolker-Nielsen
  • Clarithromycin Exerts an Antibiofilm Effect against <em>Salmonella enterica</em> Serovar Typhimurium rdar Biofilm Formation and Transforms the Physiology towards an Apparent Oxygen-Depleted Energy and Carbon Metabolism
    Bacterial Infections
    Clarithromycin Exerts an Antibiofilm Effect against Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium rdar Biofilm Formation and Transforms the Physiology towards an Apparent Oxygen-Depleted Energy and Carbon Metabolism

    Upon biofilm formation, production of extracellular matrix components and alteration in physiology and metabolism allows bacteria to build up multicellular communities which can facilitate nutrient acquisition during unfavorable conditions and provide protection toward various forms of environmental stresses to individual cells. Thus, bacterial cells within biofilms become tolerant against antimicrobials and the immune system. In the...

    Munirah Zafar, Humera Jahan, Sulman Shafeeq, Manfred Nimtz, Lothar Jänsch, Ute Römling, M. Iqbal Choudhary
  • Cigarette Smoke Exposure Promotes Virulence of <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</span> and Induces Resistance to Neutrophil Killing
    Cellular Microbiology: Pathogen-Host Cell Molecular Interactions
    Cigarette Smoke Exposure Promotes Virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Induces Resistance to Neutrophil Killing

    It is widely known that cigarette smoke damages host defenses and increases susceptibility to bacterial infections. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a Gram-negative bacterium that commonly colonizes the airways of smokers and patients with chronic lung disease, can cause pneumonia and sepsis and can trigger exacerbations of lung diseases....

    Jason Chien, John H. Hwang, Sedtavut Nilaad, Jorge A. Masso-Silva, Sae Jeong Ahn, Elisa K. McEachern, Alexander Moshensky, Min-Kwang Byun, Laura E. Crotty Alexander
  • The Great ESKAPE: Exploring the Crossroads of Bile and Antibiotic Resistance in Bacterial Pathogens
    Minireview | Spotlight
    The Great ESKAPE: Exploring the Crossroads of Bile and Antibiotic Resistance in Bacterial Pathogens

    Throughout the course of infection, many pathogens encounter bactericidal conditions that threaten the viability of the bacteria and impede the establishment of infection. Bile is one of the most innately bactericidal compounds present in humans, functioning to reduce the bacterial burden in the gastrointestinal tract while also aiding in digestion. It is becoming increasingly apparent that pathogens successfully resist the bactericidal...

    Kevin S. Gipson, Kourtney P. Nickerson, Eliana Drenkard, Alejandro Llanos-Chea, Snaha Krishna Dogiparthi, Bernard B. Lanter, Rhianna M. Hibbler, Lael M. Yonker, Bryan P. Hurley, Christina S. Faherty
  • Bacterial Defense Systems against the Neutrophilic Oxidant Hypochlorous Acid
    Minireview
    Bacterial Defense Systems against the Neutrophilic Oxidant Hypochlorous Acid

    Neutrophils kill invading microbes and therefore represent the first line of defense of the innate immune response. Activated neutrophils assemble NADPH oxidase to convert substantial amounts of molecular oxygen into superoxide, which, after dismutation into peroxide, serves as the substrate for the generation of the potent antimicrobial hypochlorous acid (HOCl) in the phagosomal space. In this minireview, we explore the most recent...

    Sadia Sultana, Alessandro Foti, Jan-Ulrik Dahl
  • A CpxR-Regulated <em>zapD</em> Gene Involved in Biofilm Formation of Uropathogenic <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Proteus mirabilis</span>
    Bacterial Infections
    A CpxR-Regulated zapD Gene Involved in Biofilm Formation of Uropathogenic Proteus mirabilis

    Proteus mirabilis, a frequent uropathogen, forms extensive biofilms on catheters that are infamously difficult to treat. To explore the mechanisms of biofilm formation by P. mirabilis, we performed in vivo transposon mutagenesis. A mutant with impaired biofilm formation was isolated. The...

    Hong-Han Chen, Chien-Che Chang, Yu-Han Yuan, Shwu-Jen Liaw
  • <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Staphylococcus aureus</span> Fibronectin Binding Protein A Mediates Biofilm Development and Infection
    Bacterial Infections
    Staphylococcus aureus Fibronectin Binding Protein A Mediates Biofilm Development and Infection

    Implanted medical device-associated infections pose significant health risks, as they are often the result of bacterial biofilm formation. Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of biofilm-associated infections which persist due to mechanisms of device surface adhesion, biofilm accumulation, and reprogramming of host innate immune responses. We found that the...

    Casey M. Gries, Trevor Biddle, Jeffrey L. Bose, Tammy Kielian, David D. Lo
  • Cooperativity between <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Stenotrophomonas maltophilia</span> and <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-2">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</span> during Polymicrobial Airway Infections
    Host-Associated Microbial Communities
    Cooperativity between Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa during Polymicrobial Airway Infections

    Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a Gram-negative bacterium found ubiquitously in the environment that has historically been regarded as nonpathogenic. S. maltophilia is increasingly observed in patient sputa in cystic fibrosis (CF), and while existing epidemiology indicates that patients with...

    Melissa S. McDaniel, Trenton Schoeb, W. Edward Swords
  • Clearance of <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Staphylococcus aureus</span> from <em>In Vivo</em> Models of Chronic Infection by Immunization Requires Both Planktonic and Biofilm Antigens
    Microbial Immunity and Vaccines | Spotlight
    Clearance of Staphylococcus aureus from In Vivo Models of Chronic Infection by Immunization Requires Both Planktonic and Biofilm Antigens

    Staphylococcus aureus is a causative agent of chronic biofilm-associated infections that are recalcitrant to resolution by the immune system or antibiotics. To combat these infections, an antistaphylococcal, biofilm-specific quadrivalent vaccine against an osteomyelitis model in rabbits has previously been developed and shown to be effective at eliminating biofilm-...

    Janette M. Harro, Yvonne Achermann, Jeffrey A. Freiberg, Devon L. Allison, Kristen J. Brao, Dimitrius P. Marinos, Salar Sanjari, Jeff G. Leid, Mark E. Shirtliff
  • Direct Microscopic Observation of Human Neutrophil-<span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Staphylococcus aureus</span> Interaction <em>In Vitro</em> Suggests a Potential Mechanism for Initiation of Biofilm Infection on an Implanted Medical Device
    Bacterial Infections
    Direct Microscopic Observation of Human Neutrophil-Staphylococcus aureus Interaction In Vitro Suggests a Potential Mechanism for Initiation of Biofilm Infection on an Implanted Medical Device

    The ability of human neutrophils to clear newly attached Staphylococcus aureus bacteria from a serum-coated glass surface was examined in vitro using time-lapse confocal scanning laser microscopy. Quantitative image analysis was used to measure the temporal change in bacterial biomass, neutrophil motility, and fraction of the surface area policed by...

    Niranjan Ghimire, Brian A. Pettygrove, Kyler B. Pallister, James Stangeland, Shelby Stanhope, Isaac Klapper, Jovanka M. Voyich, Philip S. Stewart

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