inflammation
Host Response and InflammationImmunomodulatory Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum on Inflammatory Response Induced by Klebsiella pneumoniaeSome respiratory infections have been associated with dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota. The underlying mechanism is incompletely understood, but cross talk between the intestinal microbiota and local immune cells could influence the immune response at distal mucosal sites. This has led to the concept of enhancing respiratory defenses by modulating the intestinal microbiota with exogenous supplementation of beneficial strains....
Host Response and InflammationInterleukin-21 (IL-21) Downregulates Dendritic Cell Cytokine Responses to Helicobacter pylori and Modulates T Lymphocyte IL-17A Expression in Peyer’s Patches during InfectionInterleukin-21 (IL-21), a cytokine produced by many subsets of activated immune cells, is critical for driving inflammation in several models. Using Helicobacter pylori infection as a model for chronic mucosal infection, we previously published that IL-21 is required for the development of gastritis in response to infection. Concomitant with protection from chronic...
MinireviewTh17 Cells in Helicobacter pylori Infection: a Dichotomy of Help and HarmHelicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative bacterium that infects the gastric epithelia of its human host. Everyone who is colonized with these pathogenic bacteria can develop gastric inflammation, termed gastritis. Additionally, a small proportion of colonized people develop more adverse outcomes, including gastric ulcer disease, gastric adenocarcinoma, or gastric mucosa...
Cellular Microbiology: Pathogen-Host Cell Molecular InteractionsToll-Like Receptor 3 Deficiency Leads to Altered Immune Responses to Chlamydia trachomatis Infection in Human Oviduct Epithelial CellsReproductive tract pathology caused by Chlamydia trachomatis infection is an important global cause of human infertility. To better understand the mechanisms associated with Chlamydia-induced genital tract pathogenesis in humans, we used CRISPR genome editing to disrupt Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) function in the human oviduct epithelial (hOE) cell line OE-E6...
Host Response and InflammationIdentification of Potential Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers To Discriminate between Infection and Sterile Inflammation in a Rat Model of Staphylococcus epidermidis Catheter InfectionStaphylococcus epidermidis cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunt infection is a common complication of hydrocephalus treatment, creating grave neurological consequences for patients, especially when diagnosis is delayed. The current method of diagnosis relies on microbiological culture; however, awaiting culture results may cause treatment delays, or culture may fail to...
Fungal and Parasitic InfectionsAnopheles gambiae Lacking AgTRIO Inefficiently Transmits Plasmodium berghei to MiceAntibodies to AgTRIO, a mosquito salivary protein, partially reduce the initial Plasmodium burden in mice. We therefore silenced AgTRIO in mosquitoes and determined the relative contribution of AgTRIO to the ability of Anopheles gambiae to transmit Plasmodium berghei to mice. RNA...
Cellular Microbiology: Pathogen-Host Cell Molecular InteractionsSalmonella enterica Effectors SifA, SpvB, SseF, SseJ, and SteA Contribute to Type III Secretion System 1-Independent Inflammation in a Streptomycin-Pretreated Mouse Model of ColitisSalmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) induces inflammatory changes in the ceca of streptomycin-pretreated mice. In this mouse model of colitis, the type III secretion system 1 (T3SS-1) has been shown to induce rapid inflammatory change in the cecum at early points, 10 to 24 h after infection. Five proteins, SipA, SopA, SopB, SopD, and SopE2...
Host Response and InflammationNF-κB RelA Is Required for Hepatoprotection during Pneumonia and SepsisPneumonia and sepsis are distinct but integrally linked public health concerns. The hepatic acute-phase response (APR), which is largely dependent on transcription factors NF-κB RelA and STAT3, is a hallmark of these pathologies and other injurious conditions. Inactivation of the APR can promote liver injury, a frequently observed organ dysfunction during sepsis. However, whether or how the acute-phase changes promote liver tissue...
Cellular Microbiology: Pathogen-Host Cell Molecular InteractionsAggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Leukotoxin (LtxA) Requires Death Receptor Fas, in Addition to LFA-1, To Trigger Cell Death in T LymphocytesLeukotoxin (LtxA) (trade name, Leukothera) is a protein secreted by the oral bacterium Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. A. actinomycetemcomitans is an oral pathogen strongly associated with development of localized aggressive periodontitis. LtxA acts as a virulence factor for...
Cellular Microbiology: Pathogen-Host Cell Molecular InteractionsLeishmania donovani Lipophosphoglycan Increases Macrophage-Dependent Chemotaxis of CXCR6-Expressing Cells via CXCL16 InductionCXCL16 is a multifunctional chemokine that is highly expressed by macrophages and other immune cells in response to bacterial and viral pathogens; however, little is known regarding the role of CXCL16 during parasitic infections. The protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani is the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis.