inflammation
MinireviewThe Complex Link between the Female Genital Microbiota, Genital Infections, and InflammationThe female genital tract microbiota is part of a complex ecosystem influenced by several physiological, genetic, and behavioral factors. It is uniquely linked to a woman’s mucosal immunity and plays a critical role in the regulation of genital inflammation.
Host Response and InflammationCutibacterium acnes Central Nervous System Catheter Infection Induces Long-Term Changes in the Cerebrospinal Fluid ProteomeCutibacterium acnes is the third most common cause of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunt infection and is likely underdiagnosed due to the difficulty in culturing this pathogen. Shunt infections lead to grave neurologic morbidity for patients especially when there is a delay in diagnosis.
Cellular Microbiology: Pathogen-Host Cell Molecular Interactions | SpotlightElevated Extracellular cGMP Produced after Exposure to Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Heat-Stable Toxin Induces Epithelial IL-33 Release and Alters Intestinal ImmunityEnterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a major diarrheal pathogen in children in low- to middle-income countries. Previous studies identified heat-stable enterotoxin (ST)-producing ETEC as a prevalent diarrheal pathogen in children younger than 5 years.
Host Response and InflammationModification of the Pulmonary MyD88 Inflammatory Response Underlies the Role of the Yersinia pestis Pigmentation Locus in Primary Pneumonic PlaguePneumonic plague, caused by Yersinia pestis, is a rapidly progressing bronchopneumonia involving focal bacterial growth, neutrophilic congestion, and alveolar necrosis. Within a short time after inhalation of Y. pestis, inflammatory cytokines are expressed via the Toll/interleukin-1 (IL-1) adaptor...
Fungal and Parasitic InfectionsSTAT3 Promotes Schistosome-Induced Liver Injury by Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, Proliferation, and Apoptosis Signal PathwaySchistosomiasis is a parasitic helminth disease that can cause organ lesions leading to health damage. During a schistosome infection, schistosome eggs can flow into the liver along the portal vein.
Cellular Microbiology: Pathogen-Host Cell Molecular InteractionsMicrobial Lipid A Remodeling Controls Cross-Presentation Efficiency and CD8 T Cell Priming by Modulating Dendritic Cell FunctionThe majority of Gram-negative bacteria elicit a potent immune response via recognition of lipid A expressed on the outer bacterial membrane by the host immune receptor Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). However, some Gram-negative bacteria evade detection by TLR4 or alter the outcome of TLR4 signaling by modification of lipid A species.
Host Response and InflammationEscherichia coli K12 Upregulates Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) Expression in Gamma Interferon-Sensitized Intestinal Epithelial Cells via the NF-κB PathwayProgrammed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) is an immune checkpoint protein which is used by tumor cells for immune evasion. PD-L1 is upregulated in inflamed intestinal tissues. The intestinal tract is colonized by millions of bacteria, most of which are commensal bacterial species. We hypothesized that under inflammatory conditions, some commensal bacterial species contribute to increased PD-L1 expression in intestinal epithelium and...
Host Response and InflammationSilencing of Ac45 Simultaneously Inhibits Osteoclast-Mediated Bone Resorption and Attenuates Dendritic Cell-Mediated Inflammation through Impairing Acidification and Cathepsin K SecretionEndodontic disease is characterized by inflammation and destruction of periapical tissues, leading to severe bone resorption and tooth loss. ATP6AP1 (Ac45) has been implicated in human immune diseases, yet the mechanism underlying how Ac45 regulates immune response and reaction in inflammatory diseases remains unknown. We generated endodontic disease mice through bacterial infection as an inflammatory disease model and used adeno-...
Host Response and InflammationFailure of CD4 T Cell-Deficient Hosts To Control Chronic Nontyphoidal Salmonella Infection Leads to Exacerbated Inflammation, Chronic Anemia, and Altered MyelopoiesisImmunocompromised patients are more susceptible to recurrent nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) bacteremia. A key manifestation of HIV infection is the loss of CD4 T cells, which are crucial for immunity to Salmonella infection. We characterized the consequences of CD4 T cell depletion in mice where virulent Salmonella establish chronic infection, similar to chronic NTS disease in humans. Salmonella-...
Host Response and InflammationProgressive Control of Streptococcus agalactiae-Induced Innate Inflammatory Response Is Associated with Time Course Expression of MicroRNA-223 by NeutrophilsGroup B streptococcus (GBS) is a human-pathogenic bacterium inducing a strong inflammatory response that may be detrimental for host tissues if not finely regulated. The inflammatory response can be modulated by different molecular mechanisms, among which growing evidence points toward the crucial role of microRNAs (miRNAs). Regarding innate inflammatory response, studies have reported that miR-223 is essential for the control of...