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inflammation

  • Failure of CD4 T Cell-Deficient Hosts To Control Chronic Nontyphoidal <em>Salmonella</em> Infection Leads to Exacerbated Inflammation, Chronic Anemia, and Altered Myelopoiesis
    Host Response and Inflammation
    Failure of CD4 T Cell-Deficient Hosts To Control Chronic Nontyphoidal Salmonella Infection Leads to Exacerbated Inflammation, Chronic Anemia, and Altered Myelopoiesis

    Immunocompromised patients are more susceptible to recurrent nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) bacteremia. A key manifestation of HIV infection is the loss of CD4 T cells, which are crucial for immunity to Salmonella infection. We characterized the consequences of CD4 T cell depletion in mice where virulent Salmonella establish chronic infection, similar to chronic NTS disease in humans. Salmonella-...

    Wendy P. Loomis, Martha A. Delaney, Matthew L. Johnson, Brad T. Cookson
  • <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Escherichia coli</span> K12 Upregulates Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) Expression in Gamma Interferon-Sensitized Intestinal Epithelial Cells via the NF-κB Pathway
    Host Response and Inflammation
    Escherichia coli K12 Upregulates Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) Expression in Gamma Interferon-Sensitized Intestinal Epithelial Cells via the NF-κB Pathway

    Programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) is an immune checkpoint protein which is used by tumor cells for immune evasion. PD-L1 is upregulated in inflamed intestinal tissues. The intestinal tract is colonized by millions of bacteria, most of which are commensal bacterial species. We hypothesized that under inflammatory conditions, some commensal bacterial species contribute to increased PD-L1 expression in intestinal epithelium and...

    Seul A. Lee, Yiming Wang, Fang Liu, Stephen M. Riordan, Lu Liu, Li Zhang
  • Silencing of Ac45 Simultaneously Inhibits Osteoclast-Mediated Bone Resorption and Attenuates Dendritic Cell-Mediated Inflammation through Impairing Acidification and Cathepsin K Secretion
    Host Response and Inflammation
    Silencing of Ac45 Simultaneously Inhibits Osteoclast-Mediated Bone Resorption and Attenuates Dendritic Cell-Mediated Inflammation through Impairing Acidification and Cathepsin K Secretion

    Endodontic disease is characterized by inflammation and destruction of periapical tissues, leading to severe bone resorption and tooth loss. ATP6AP1 (Ac45) has been implicated in human immune diseases, yet the mechanism underlying how Ac45 regulates immune response and reaction in inflammatory diseases remains unknown. We generated endodontic disease mice through bacterial infection as an inflammatory disease model and used adeno-...

    Wenbin Yang, Zheng Zhu, Longjiang Li, Abigail McVicar, Ning Gao, Lin Wang, Yi-Ping Li, Wei Chen
  • Progressive Control of <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Streptococcus agalactiae</span>-Induced Innate Inflammatory Response Is Associated with Time Course Expression of MicroRNA-223 by Neutrophils
    Host Response and Inflammation
    Progressive Control of Streptococcus agalactiae-Induced Innate Inflammatory Response Is Associated with Time Course Expression of MicroRNA-223 by Neutrophils

    Group B streptococcus (GBS) is a human-pathogenic bacterium inducing a strong inflammatory response that may be detrimental for host tissues if not finely regulated. The inflammatory response can be modulated by different molecular mechanisms, among which growing evidence points toward the crucial role of microRNAs (miRNAs). Regarding innate inflammatory response, studies have reported that miR-223 is essential for the control of...

    Maud Deny, Marta Romano, Olivier Denis, Georges Casimir, Mustapha Chamekh
  • Regulatory T Cells Contribute to Resistance against Lyme Arthritis
    Host Response and Inflammation | Spotlight
    Regulatory T Cells Contribute to Resistance against Lyme Arthritis

    The symptoms of Lyme disease are caused by inflammation induced by species of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex. The various presentations of Lyme disease in the population suggest that differences exist in the intensity and regulation of the host response to the spirochete. Previous work has described correlations between the presence of regulatory...

    Emily M. Siebers, Elizabeth S. Liedhegner, Michael W. Lawlor, Ronald F. Schell, Dean T. Nardelli
  • Rab5a Promotes Cytolethal Distending Toxin B-Induced Cytotoxicity and Inflammation
    Molecular Pathogenesis
    Rab5a Promotes Cytolethal Distending Toxin B-Induced Cytotoxicity and Inflammation

    The cytolethal distending toxin B subunit (CdtB) induces significant cytotoxicity and inflammation in many cell types that are involved in the pathogenesis of postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS). However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study tested the potential role of Rab small GTPase 5a (Rab5a) in the process. We tested mRNA and protein expression of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β [IL-1β] and...

    Ming-xian Chen, Yu Chen, Rui Fu, Guo-qun Mao, Sai-yue Liu, Tang-biao Shen
  • Vaccination with Secreted Aspartyl Proteinase 2 Protein from <em>Candida parapsilosis</em> Can Enhance Survival of Mice during <em>C. tropicalis</em>-Mediated Systemic Candidiasis
    Microbial Immunity and Vaccines
    Vaccination with Secreted Aspartyl Proteinase 2 Protein from Candida parapsilosis Can Enhance Survival of Mice during C. tropicalis-Mediated Systemic Candidiasis

    The rising incidence of non-albicans Candida species globally, along with the emergence of drug resistance, is a cause for concern. This study investigated the protective efficacy of secreted aspartyl proteinase 2 (Sap2) in systemic C. tropicalis infection. Vaccination with recombinant Sap2 (rSap2) protein from...

    Manisha Shukla, Soma Rohatgi
  • Group A Streptococcus Infection of the Nasopharynx Requires Proinflammatory Signaling through the Interleukin-1 Receptor
    Host Response and Inflammation | Spotlight
    Group A Streptococcus Infection of the Nasopharynx Requires Proinflammatory Signaling through the Interleukin-1 Receptor

    Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is the etiologic agent of numerous high-morbidity and high-mortality diseases. Infections are typically highly proinflammatory. During the invasive infection necrotizing fasciitis, this is in part due to the GAS protease SpeB directly activating interleukin-1β (IL-1β) independent of the canonical inflammasome pathway. The upper respiratory tract is the primary site for GAS colonization, infection,...

    Doris L. LaRock, Raedeen Russell, Anders F. Johnson, Shyra Wilde, Christopher N. LaRock
  • Endocervical miRNA Expression Profiles in Women Positive for <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Chlamydia trachomatis</span> with Clinical Signs and/or Symptoms Are Distinct from Those in Women Positive for <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-2">Chlamydia trachomatis</span> without Signs and Symptoms
    Host Response and Inflammation
    Endocervical miRNA Expression Profiles in Women Positive for Chlamydia trachomatis with Clinical Signs and/or Symptoms Are Distinct from Those in Women Positive for Chlamydia trachomatis without Signs and Symptoms

    Chlamydia trachomatis is the leading cause of sexually transmitted infections that may progress to pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility. No effective vaccine exists for Chlamydia, nor are there biomarkers available that readily predict disease progression. In this cross-sectional pilot study, we recruited symptomatic and asymptomatic women with...

    Teresa A. Batteiger, Nicole Spencer, Charity L. Washam, Stephanie Byrum, Michael Eledge, Byron E. Batteiger, Roger G. Rank, Laxmi Yeruva
  • Open Access
    Activation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome by Particles from the <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Echinococcus granulosus</span> Laminated Layer
    Host Response and Inflammation
    Activation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome by Particles from the Echinococcus granulosus Laminated Layer

    The interaction of dendritic cells and macrophages with a variety of rigid noncellular particles triggers activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and consequent secretion of interleukin 1β (IL-1β). Noncellular particles can also be generated in the context of helminth infection, since these large pathogens often shed their outermost structures during growth and/or molting. One such structure is the massive, mucin-based, soft, flexible...

    Cecilia Casaravilla, Álvaro Pittini, Dominik Rückerl, Judith E. Allen, Álvaro Díaz

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