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microbiota

  • Presence of Gastric Pepsinogen in the Trachea Is Associated with Altered Inflammation and Microbial Composition
    Host-Associated Microbial Communities
    Presence of Gastric Pepsinogen in the Trachea Is Associated with Altered Inflammation and Microbial Composition

    Gastroesophageal reflux is a common gastrointestinal issue that can lead to aspiration and contribute to respiratory problems. Little is known about how reflux can alter the respiratory microenvironment. We aimed to determine if the presence of gastric pepsinogen in the trachea was associated with changes in the microbial and inflammatory microenvironment. A pediatric cohort at high risk of reflux aspiration was prospectively recruited...

    Usha Krishnan, Harveen Singh, Nicodemus Tedla, Steven T. Leach, Nadeem O. Kaakoush
  • Open Access
    Niche- and Gender-Dependent Immune Reactions in Relation to the Microbiota Profile in Pediatric Patients with Otitis Media with Effusion
    Host-Associated Microbial Communities
    Niche- and Gender-Dependent Immune Reactions in Relation to the Microbiota Profile in Pediatric Patients with Otitis Media with Effusion

    Otitis media with effusion (OME) is a common inflammatory disease that primarily affects children. OME is defined as a chronic low-grade inflammation of the middle ear (ME), without any signs of infection and with effusion persisting in the ME for more than 3 months. The precise pathogenesis is, however, not fully understood. Here, we comprehensively characterized and compared the host immune responses (inflammatory cells and mediators...

    Frida Enoksson, Alicia Ruiz Rodriguez, Chikondi Peno, Carlos Balcazar Lopez, Fredrik Tjernström, Debby Bogaert, Anders P. Hakansson, Caroline Bergenfelz
  • From Nursery to Nursing Home: Emerging Concepts in <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Clostridioides difficile</span> Pathogenesis
    Minireview
    From Nursery to Nursing Home: Emerging Concepts in Clostridioides difficile Pathogenesis

    Clostridioides difficile is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, anaerobic bacterium that infects the human gastrointestinal tract, causing a wide range of disorders that vary in severity from mild diarrhea to toxic megacolon and/or death. Over the past decade, incidence, severity, and costs associated with C....

    Alexander B. Smith, Joshua Soto Ocana, Joseph P. Zackular
  • Gut Epithelial Metabolism as a Key Driver of Intestinal Dysbiosis Associated with Noncommunicable Diseases
    Minireview
    Gut Epithelial Metabolism as a Key Driver of Intestinal Dysbiosis Associated with Noncommunicable Diseases

    In high-income countries, the leading causes of death are noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), such as obesity, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. An important feature of most NCDs is inflammation-induced gut dysbiosis characterized by a shift in the microbial community structure from obligate to facultative anaerobes such as Proteobacteria. This microbial imbalance can contribute to disease pathogenesis by either a depletion in...

    Catherine D. Shelton, Mariana X. Byndloss
  • Whipworm Infection Promotes Bacterial Invasion, Intestinal Microbiota Imbalance, and Cellular Immunomodulation
    Host Response and Inflammation
    Whipworm Infection Promotes Bacterial Invasion, Intestinal Microbiota Imbalance, and Cellular Immunomodulation

    Infections with Trichuris trichiura are among the most common causes of intestinal parasitism in children worldwide, and the diagnosis is based on microscopic egg identification in the chronic phase of the infection. During parasitism, the adult worm of the trichurid nematode maintains its anterior region inserted in the intestinal mucosa, which causes serious damage...

    Julieta Schachter, Dayane Alvarinho de Oliveira, Camila Marques da Silva, Alba Cristina Miranda de Barros Alencar, Michelle Duarte, Matheus Müller Pereira da Silva, Ana Claudia de Paula Rosa Ignácio, Eduardo José Lopes-Torres
  • Open Access
    Dysregulation of Intestinal Microbiota Elicited by Food Allergy Induces IgA-Mediated Oral Dysbiosis
    Host-Associated Microbial Communities
    Dysregulation of Intestinal Microbiota Elicited by Food Allergy Induces IgA-Mediated Oral Dysbiosis

    Food allergy is a life-threatening response to specific foods, and microbiota imbalance (dysbiosis) in gut is considered a cause of this disease. Meanwhile, the host immune response also plays an important role in the disease. Notably, interleukin 33 (IL-33) released from damaged or necrotic intestinal epithelial cells facilitates IL-2-producing CD4 helper T (Th2) responses. However, causal relationships between the gut and oral...

    Shohei Matsui, Hideo Kataoka, Jun-Ichi Tanaka, Mariko Kikuchi, Haruka Fukamachi, Hirobumi Morisaki, Hitomi Matsushima, Kenji Mishima, Shoji Hironaka, Takashi Takaki, Nobuo Okahashi, Yasubumi Maruoka, Hirotaka Kuwata
  • Open Access
    Yersiniabactin-Producing Adherent/Invasive <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Escherichia coli</span> Promotes Inflammation-Associated Fibrosis in Gnotobiotic <em>Il10<sup>−/−</sup></em> Mice
    Host Response and Inflammation
    Yersiniabactin-Producing Adherent/Invasive Escherichia coli Promotes Inflammation-Associated Fibrosis in Gnotobiotic Il10−/− Mice

    Fibrosis is a significant complication of intestinal disorders associated with microbial dysbiosis and pathobiont expansion, notably Crohn’s disease (CD). Mechanisms that favor fibrosis are not well understood, and therapeutic strategies are limited. Here we demonstrate that colitis-susceptible Il10-deficient mice develop inflammation-associated fibrosis when monoassociated with adherent/invasive...

    Melissa Ellermann, Raad Z. Gharaibeh, Laura Fulbright, Belgin Dogan, Lyndsey N. Moore, Christopher A. Broberg, Lacey R. Lopez, Aaron M. Rothemich, Jeremy W. Herzog, Allison Rogala, Ilyssa O. Gordon, Florian Rieder, Cory R. Brouwer, Kenneth W. Simpson, Christian Jobin, R. Balfour Sartor, Janelle C. Arthur
  • Open Access
    Commensal Microbes Affect Host Humoral Immunity to <em>Bordetella pertussis</em> Infection
    Microbial Immunity and Vaccines
    Commensal Microbes Affect Host Humoral Immunity to Bordetella pertussis Infection

    As important players in the host defense system, commensal microbes and the microbiota influence multiple aspects of host physiology. Bordetella pertussis infection is highly contagious among humans. However, the roles of the microbiota in B. pertussis pathogenesis are poorly understood. Here, we...

    Youyi Zhang, Zihan Ran, Miaomiao Tian, Yang Zhou, Jingcheng Yang, Juan Yin, Daru Lu, Rui Li, Jiang Zhong
  • Taming the Beast: Interplay between Gut Small Molecules and Enteric Pathogens
    Minireview
    Taming the Beast: Interplay between Gut Small Molecules and Enteric Pathogens

    The overuse of antibiotics has led to the evolution of drug-resistant bacteria that are becoming increasingly dangerous to human health. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, antibiotic-resistant bacteria cause at least 2 million illnesses and 23,000 deaths in the United States annually. Traditionally, antibiotics are bactericidal or bacteriostatic agents that place selective pressure on bacteria, leading to the...

    Aman Kumar, Melissa Ellermann, Vanessa Sperandio
  • Open Access
    Suppression of Obesity by an Intestinal Helminth through Interactions with Intestinal Microbiota
    Host Response and Inflammation
    Suppression of Obesity by an Intestinal Helminth through Interactions with Intestinal Microbiota

    Obesity is increasingly causing lifestyle diseases in developed countries where helminthic infections are rarely seen. Here, we investigated whether an intestinal nematode, Heligmosomoides polygyrus, has a suppressive role in diet-induced obesity in mice.

    Chikako Shimokawa, Seiji Obi, Mioko Shibata, Alex Olia, Takashi Imai, Kazutomo Suzue, Hajime Hisaeda

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